| Sabarmati River | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat,Rajasthan |
| Cities | Ahmedabad,Gandhinagar |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Aravalli Range,Udaipur District, Rajasthan,India |
| • elevation | 782 m (2,566 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat,India |
| Length | 371 km (231 mi)[1] |
| Basin size | 30,680 km2 (11,850 sq mi)[1] |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Ahmedabad[2] |
| • average | 33 m3/s (1,200 cu ft/s) |
| • minimum | 0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 484 m3/s (17,100 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Wakal River, Harnav River,Hathmati River, Watrak River[1] |
| • right | Sei River[1] |
TheSabarmati River (Gujarati:[sabəɾmət̪iː]) is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.[3] It originates in theAravalli Range of theUdaipur District ofRajasthan and meets theGulf of Khambhat of theArabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan andGujarat.[3] 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in Gujarat.[3]
The Sabarmati River originates in theAravalli Range in the Indian state ofRajasthan. The total length of the river is 371 km (231 mi).[4] After travelling 48 km (30 mi) in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state ofGujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary,Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari.[5] From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, theSei River. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes theDharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary, theHathmati River.[5] From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, theVatrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into theGulf of Khambhat, in theArabian Sea.[5]
The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km2 (8,368 sq mi) out of which 4,124 km2 (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18,550 km2 (7,160 sq mi) in Gujarat.[6] The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of the basin.[7] The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.[8]
The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.[3][6][9] Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m3 (10,900 cu ft) per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m3 (54,600 cu ft) per capita.[10]
The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.[7] An average flow of 33 m3 (1,170 cu ft) per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.[11] Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,[7] when a flow of 14,150 m3 (499,700 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi.[12]
InRajasthan, it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa onMount Abu.[13] His penance had pleasedShiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa theGanges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.[13] In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought thegoddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.[14]
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Rajashekhara'sKavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati (IAST: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century textShringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").[15]
Jain acharyaBuddhisagarsuri has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.[16]
DuringIndia's independence struggle,Mahatma Gandhi established theSabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river.[17]
In 2018, an assessment by theCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among themost polluted river stretches in India.[18] Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant inMotera resulted in further pollution of the river water.[19]
There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. TheDharoi dam is located on the main river.[20] The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream ofAhmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. TheKalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.[citation needed]
In 2002, water from theNarmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through theSardar Sarovar dam.[21]
The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.[22] As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.[23]KPMG has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.[24]
22°18′N72°22′E / 22.300°N 72.367°E /22.300; 72.367
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