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SSIndigirka

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History




Name	1919 SSLake Galva 1920: SSRipon 1926: SSMalsah 1928: SSCommercial Quaker 1938: SSIndigirka
Owner	1920:US Government^[1] 1926: C.D.Mallory & Co^[1] 1928: Moore and McCormick^[1] 1938:Soviet Union
Operator	1938:Dalstroi^[1]
Port of registry	1920: New York^[2] 1938:Nagaevo,Soviet Union^[1]
Builder	Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company,Wisconsin^[1]
Launched	20 December 1919^[1]
Completed	May 1920^[1]
Identification	Official Number 219702^[2] Code Letters LVTM (1928–33)^[2] Code Letters KUGM (1934–38)^[3]
Fate	Wrecked, 1939^[4]


General characteristics
Type	Cargo ship
Tonnage	2,689 GRT^[1]
Length	77.3 m (253 ft 7 in) (pp)^[1]
Beam	13.3 m (43 ft 8 in)^[1]
Propulsion	1 xtriple-expansion steam engine^[1]
Speed	10 knots (19 km/h)^[1]
Capacity	about 1,500 prisoners^[5]
Crew	about 40^[6]

SSIndigirka (Russian:«Индиги́рка»,IPA:[ɪnʲdʲɪˈɡʲirkə]) was an American builtsteamship that served in the SovietGulag system and transportedprisoners. Launched in 1919 asSSLake Galva, it served under the namesRipon,Malsah andCommercial Quaker between 1920 and 1938, when it was renamedIndigirka.^[7] On its final voyage in 1939 over 700 prisoners perished.

Pre-Soviet career

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The ship was built at theManitowoc Shipbuilding Company inManitowoc, Wisconsin as one of theLake seriescargo ships. It was launched on 29 December 1919 asLake Galva and completed in May 1920 asRipon. It served as an Americanmerchant ship under various owners as SSRipon (1920–26), SSMalsah (1926–28), and SSCommercial Quaker (1928–38).^[7] In 1938 it was sold to the government of theSoviet Union.^[1]^[4]

Prison ship of the Dalstroi

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With some modifications the ship was placed in service by theDalstroi as theIndigirka (Индиги́рка) – named after theriver inSiberia – for the transport of prisoners. With a tonnage of 2,689 and a length 77.3 m it was the smallest ship of the Dalstroi fleet and had a cargo hold of 4,700 m³; Bollinger estimated that it could hold 1,500 captives,^[5] while Tzouliades indicates that up to 5,000 prisoners might have been transported.^[4] That seems to conflict with evidence that the ship was fully loaded when it departed on its final journey with less than 1,500 crew, passengers and prisoners, forcing Soviet authorities to leave behind many others who were supposed to have made the trip.^{[citation needed]}

TheIndigirka belonged to a fleet of steamships operated by Dalstroi to transport prisoners fromVladivostok, endpoint of theTranssiberian railway, toMagadan andKolyma across theSea of Okhotsk. Travel time was about six days to two weeks to Magadan. A steamer would make about ten trips a year. Conditions were horrendous and many people did not survive. Prisoners were held in thecargo holds where criminals ruled; the guards stayed outside and above and would spray the holds with ice-cold ocean water if things became too unruly. Female prisoners were abused.^[4]

Final voyage

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On 8 December 1939 theIndigirka left Magadan to return to Vladivostok under Captain Nikolai Lavrentevich Lapshin. It contained 39 crew, 249 fishermen and their families, 50 prisoners under guard, and 835 prisoners with technical skills who had been released to work for the war effort.^[6] On 13 December 1939 at 2:20 am^[6] (other reports place the event on 12 December 1939^[8]) the ship ran aground in ablizzard^[9] off the Japanese coast nearSarufutsu while trying to enter theLa Perouse Strait. As the ship turned over, the guards prevented the escape of the prisoners from the holds, and the ship came to rest in shallow water on its side. The Japanese rescued the captain and most of the crew, guards, and fishermen, but it took three days for any rescue of the trapped prisoners to begin. 16 December, when the Japanese rescue team then opened the hull withacetylene torches, only 28 survivors (one of whom later died) were found among more than 700 dead prisoners. Overall 741 people perished.^[6]^[10] According toSergey Korolyov's oral statements, he missed the Indigirka convoy and was sent from Kolyma to Vladivostok on the next ship on 23 December.^[11]

Captain Lapshin was tried and executed for abandoning the ship; chief of NKVD convoy who locked the prisoners in a sinking ship was sentenced to eight years.^[11]^[10] Acenotaph at Sarufutsu commemorates the tragic end of theIndigirka.^[12]

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ"Ripon/Indigarka (2219702)".Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved29 January 2009.
^^a ^b ^c"LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS"(PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved1 February 2009.
^"LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS"(PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved1 February 2009.
^^a ^b ^c ^dTim Tzouliadis (2008).The Forsaken. The Penguin Press (2008). p. 155f.ISBN 978-1-59420-168-4.
^^a ^bMartin J Bollinger (2003).Stalin's Slave Ships. Greenwood Press (2003). p. 79.ISBN 0-275-98100-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^dRolf Skiold."Maritime Research of Uddevalla. Timelines 1939–1945". Archived fromthe original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved29 January 2009.
^^a ^bEntry in Plimsoll Ship Data
^Maritimequest
^anonymous (14 December 1939)."700 Believed Dead on Russian Vessel".The New York Times.
^^a ^bBollinger, Martin J. (2003).Stalin's Slave Ships: Kolyma, the Gulag Fleet, and the Role of the West. p. 103.ISBN 0-275-98100-2.
^^a ^bYaroslav Golovanov (1994).Korolyov (in Russian)., chapter 32
^Monument to the victims of the Indigirka at Sarufutsu

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1939
Shipwrecks	4 Dec:U-36 6 Dec:Ussukuma 7 Dec:Louis Sheid 10 Dec:Stanwood 12 Dec:HMS Duchess 13 Dec:Algol,Indigirka 15 Dec:Germaine 17 Dec:Admiral Graf Spee 19 Dec:Columbus 31 Dec:Box Hill
Other incidents	12 Dec:HMS Barham 14 Dec:HMS Kelly 21 Dec:Britt 26 Dec:HMS Triumph
193819391940 November 1939January 1940

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Related	Russian Empire–United States relations Russia–United States relations Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. 1972 Olympic men's basketball final 1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game 1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States Baltic Freedom Day Bush legs Captive Nations Captive Nations Week GAZ Goodwill Games Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Sovfoto Triangular diplomacy U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945 USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series Uzel White Coke World Chess Championship 1972 X Article Yardymly Russian Life Soviet Interview Project Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 Bobby Fischer Georgi Bolshakov Samantha Smith Roswell Garst Suzanne Massie Who's Who in the CIA Eagles East The Admiral's Daughter Deep Black The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks Stalingrad Free to Be... a Family "In Soviet Georgia" Red Wave "Ordinary People"
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