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SOLAR-C

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Planned Sun-observing satellite

SOLAR-C

Names

SOLAR-C
High-sensitivity Solar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Satellite (official)

Mission type

Heliophysics

Operator

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)

Website

solar-c.nao.ac.jp/en/

Mission duration

2 years (planned)

Spacecraft properties

Launch mass

500 kg (1,100 lb)

Dimensions

4.8 m (16 ft) height

Start of mission

Launch date

2028 (planned)

Rocket

Epsilon S

Orbital parameters

Reference system

Sun-synchronous orbit (>600 km (370 mi))

Instruments
EUVST	Extreme Ultraviolet High-Throughput Spectroscopic Telescope
SoSpIM	Solar Spectral Irradiance Monitor

SOLAR-C (official name "High-sensitivity Solar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Satellite"^[1]) is a plannedSun-observing satellite being developed by theJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), theNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), and international collaborators. It will be the follow-up to theHinode (SOLAR-B) andYohkoh (SOLAR-A) missions and will carry the EUV High-throughput Spectroscopic Telescope (EUVST) and the Solar Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SoSpIM).^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] It is scheduled to launch in fiscal year 2028.^[7]

Objectives

[edit]

The mission aims to study the Sun, its effects onEarth and theSolar System, and the mechanisms behind hot plasma formation. The satellite will also analyse the Sun's UV radiation spectrum.^[8]^[9]

References

[edit]

^Shimizu, Toshifumi (1 March 2024)."SOLAR-C Project Team launched in JAXA".SOLAR-C. Retrieved3 March 2024.
^Watanabe, Tetsuya (2 August 2014). "The Solar-C Mission".Proceedings of the SPIE.doi:10.1117/12.2055366.
^Shimizu, Toshifumi; Imada, Shinsuke; Kawate, Tomoko; Suematsu, Yoshinori; Hara, Hirohisa; Tsuzuki, Toshihiro; Katsukawa, Yukio; Kubo, Masahito; Ishikawa, Ryoko; Watanabe, Tetsuya; Toriumi, Shin; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi; Nagata, Shin'ichi; Hasegawa, Takahiro; Yokoyama, Takaaki; Watanabe, Kyoko; Tsuno, Katsuhiko; Korendyke, Clarence M.; Warren, Harry P.; De Pontieu, Bart; Boerner, Paul; Solanki, Sami K.; Teriaca, Luca; Schühle, Udo; Matthews, Sarah; Long, David; Thomas, William; Hancock, Barry; Reid, Hamish; Fludra, Andrzej; Auchere, Frederic; Andretta, Vincenzo; Naletto, Giampiero; Poletto, Luca; Harra, Louise (13 December 2020). "The Solar-C (EUVST) mission: the latest status".Proceedings of the SPIE.doi:10.1117/12.2560887.
^Krummheuer, Birgit; Solanki, Sami K.; Teriaca, Luca (23 June 2020)."Starting Signal for Solar-C".Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.
^Hautaluoma, Grey; Frazier, Sarah (29 December 2020)."NASA Approves Heliophysics Missions to Explore Sun, Earth's Aurora". NASA.
^Clark, Stuart (8 January 2021)."Spacewatch: Nasa Joins Japan's Mission to Study Sun's Atmosphere".The Guardian.
^Shimizu, Toshifumi (1 March 2024)."SOLAR-C Project Team launched in JAXA".SOLAR-C Project. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
^"Exploring the Rainbow Beyond the Blue".SOLAR-C. Retrieved3 March 2024.
^"Instruments".SOLAR-C. Retrieved3 March 2024.

External links

[edit]

Official website (in Japanese)

v t e Solar space missions
List of heliophysics missions -List of solar telescopes
Current	ACE(since 1997) Aditya-L1(since 2023) ASO-S(since 2022) CHASE (Xihe)(since 2021) DSCOVR(since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B)(since 2006) IRIS(since 2013) Parker Solar Probe(since 2018) PROBA-3(since 2024) PUNCH(since 2025) Solar and Heliospheric Observatory(since 1995) Solar Dynamics Observatory(since 2010) Solar Orbiter(since 2020) STEREO(since 2006) Wind(since 1994) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory(since 2025) Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1(since 2025) Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe(since 2025)
Past	Apollo Telescope Mount CORONAS-I CORONAS-F CORONAS-Photon EURECA ESRO 2B Genesis GOES 13 Helios Hinotori (Astro-A) IMP-8 ISEE-1 ISEE-2 ICE / ISEE-3 MinXSS1 MinXSS2 Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO 2/OSO B OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Solwind PICARD Pioneer 5 Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9 PROBA-2 Prognoz programme RHESSI SOLAR SolarMax Spartan 201 Taiyo (SRATS) TRACE Ulysses Yohkoh (Solar-A)
Planned	TRACERS(2025) SOLAR-C(2028) HelioSwarm(2028) Solar Polar Orbit Observatory(2029) Vigil(2031)
Proposed	ADAHELI SETH Sundiver GSST
Cancelled	AOSO Pioneer H OSO J OSO K Solar Cruiser Solar Sentinels
Lost	Pioneer E OSO C
Sun-Earth	SORCE SXI ACRIMSAT Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer(since 2025)
Category

Japanese space program

Italics indicates projects in development.
Symbol^† indicates failed projects.
~~Strikethrough lines~~ indicate cancelled projects.

Space agencies

National space agencies	JAXA formerISAS NAL NASDA NICT JSS
Joint development partners	United StatesNASA¹ ESA² ItalyASI³ CanadaCSA⁴ RussiaRoscosmos⁵ BrazilAEB⁶ INPE⁷ IndiaISRO⁸

Astronomical observation

Past	Akari ASCA ASTRO-E^† ~~Astro-G~~ CORSA^† Ginga Hakucho HALCA Hinotori Hisaki Hitomi^† ~~SPICA~~ Suzaku Tenma Yohkoh
Active	Hinode XRISM¹
Future	ATHENA² SOLAR-C¹ GREX-PLUS [ja] HiZ-GUNDAM [ja] LAPYUTA LiteBIRD Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope¹ JASMINE

Communications satellites,broadcasting satellites andsatellite navigation systems

Past	BS 2X 3H 3N Kakehashi Kirari Kizuna Kodama MBSat N-STAR a b Sakura (1 2a 2b 3a 3b) Yuri 1 2a 2b 3a 3b
Active	Kirameki 1 2 3 Michibiki 1 2 3 4 6 1R MTSAT N-STAR c d JDRS
Future	QZS 5 7

Earth observation

Past	Akebono Daichi 1 3^† Denpa Fuyo-1 Jikiken Kyokko Midori I II Momo 1 1b Ohozora Taiyo TRMM¹ Ume 1 b Geotail¹
Active	Aqua^1,7 Arase ASNARO 1 2 Daichi 2 4 EarthCARE² GPM¹ Himawari Ibuki original 2 Shikisai Shizuku GOSAT-GW
Future	PMM

Engineering tests

Past	Ayame 1 2 DASH EXPRESS IKAROS Jindai Kiku 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LDREX 1 2 LRE Micro LabSat-1 Myojo Ohsumi Orizuru RAISE 2 3^† ~~PETSAT~~ RAPIS-1 Ryusei SERVIS-1 SERVIS-2 SDS-1 SDS-4 SFU Shinsei ~~SmartSat-1~~ Tansei 1 2 3 4 Tasuki Tsubame Tsubasa USERS
Active	Ajisai Reimei
Future	BEAK ETS-IX G-SATELLITE SERVIS-3

Human spaceflight

Past	~~Fuji crewed spacecraft~~ ~~HOPE-X~~ H-II Transfer Vehicle
Active	International Space Station (ISS) &Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)^1,2,3,4,5,6 HTV-X
Future	Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) Lunar Gateway^1,2,4

Space probes

The Moon

Past	Hakuto-R Mission 1^† Hiten ~~Lunar-A~~ Kaguya (SELENE) OMOTENASHI^† ~~SELENE-2~~ Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) Hakuto-R Mission 2^† EQUULEUS Yaoki
Future	~~HERACLES~~^2,4 Lunar Cruiser Lunar Polar Exploration Mission⁸ (LUPEX)

Others

Past	Akatsuki Hayabusa ~~Hayabusa Mk2~~ Nozomi^† PROCYON^† Sakigake Shin'en^† Suisei
Active	BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)² Hayabusa2 Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer² Hera²
Future	Comet Interceptor² DESTINY+ Dragonfly¹ MELOS Martian Moons eXploration Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return TEREX

Reconnaissance satellites

Past	IGS-Optical 1 2 Experimentally 3 IGS-Radar 1 2
Active	IGS-Optical 3 4 5 6 Experimentally 5 IGS-Radar 3 4 Spare 5 6
Future	IGS-Optical 7 8 IGS-Radar 7 8

Privatesmall satellites

Past	CosMoz CUTE 1.7+APD Fuji 1 2 Hayato HIBARI HIT-SAT Kagayaki Kanta-kun (WEOS) Kūkai Maido-1 Negai☆″ Niwaka RAIKO Waseda-SAT2 WE WISH
Active	CUTE 1 1.7+APDII Fuji-3 Hitomi Hodoyoshi 1 2 3 4 Horyu 2 Kiseki PROITERES Raijin Raijin-2 SEEDS SOCRATES XI IV V
Future	DRUMS KITSUNE OPUSAT-II QSAT-EOS RSP-01 SOMESAT SpaceTuna1 SPROUT TSUBAME WNI satellite

Space telescopes

Operating

Radio and Microwave	NCLE(since 2018) Solar Orbiter(since 2020) STEREO(since 2006) Queqiao(since 2018) Wind(since 1994) Queqiao 2(since 2024)
Infrared	Odin(since 2001) James Webb(since 2022) SPHEREx(since 2025)
Optical	Aoi(since 2018) Astrosat(since 2015) BRITE constellation(since 2013) CHASE(since 2021) CHEOPS(since 2019) DSCOVR(since 2015) Euclid(since 2023) Hayabusa2(since 2021) HiRISE(since 2005) Hubble(since 1990) Hinode (Solar-B)(since 2006) NEOSSat(since 2013) Odin(since 2001) SDO(since 2010) SOHO(since 1995) Swift(since 2004) TESS(since 2018) PROBA-3(since 2024)
Ultraviolet	Aditya-L1(since 2023) ASO-S(since 2022) Astrosat(since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B)(since 2006) IRIS(since 2013) SDO(since 2010) SOHO(since 1995) Solar Orbiter(since 2020) STEREO(since 2006) Swift(since 2004) PROBA-3(since 2024) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory(since 2025)
X-ray and Gamma-ray	CALET(since 2015) Chandra (AXAF)(since 1999) DAMPE(since 2015) Einstein Probe(since 2024) HXMT (Insight)(since 2017) Fermi(since 2008) GECAM(since 2020) IXPE(since 2021) Spektr-RG(since 2019) SVOM(since 2024) Swift(since 2004) Max Valier Sat(since 2017) MAXI(since 2009) MinXSS-2(since 2018) NICER(since 2017) NuSTAR(since 2012) LEIA(since 2022) XRISM(since 2023) XPoSat(since 2024) XMM-Newton(since 1999)
Other (particle or unclassified)	ACE(since 1997) AMS-02(since 2011) CALET(since 2015) DAMPE(since 2015) IBEX(since 2008) ISS-CREAM(since 2017) Mini-EUSO(since 2019) SOHO(since 1995) Solar Orbiter(since 2020) STEREO(since 2006)

Planned

PETREL(2025)
K-EUSO(2026)
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope(2026)
PLATO(2026)
Xuntian(2026)
COSI(2027)
LORD(2027)
NEO Surveyor(2027)
JASMINE(2028)
Solar-C EUVST(2028)
ARIEL(2029)
Spektr-UV(2030)
UVEX(2030)
Spektr-M(2030+)
LiteBIRD(2032)
Taiji(2033)
Athena(2035)
LISA(2035)

Proposed

Retired

AGILE(2007–2024)
Akari (Astro-F)(2006–2011)
ALEXIS(1993–2005)
Alouette 1(1962–1972)
Ariel 1(1962, 1964)
Ariel 2(1964)
Ariel 3(1967–1969)
Ariel 4(1971–1972)
Ariel 5(1974–1980)
Ariel 6(1979–1982)
ASTERIA(2017–2019)
ATM(1973–1974)
ASCA (Astro-D)(1993–2000)
Astro-1(1990)
- BBXRT
- HUT
Astro-2 (HUT)(1995)
Astron(1983–1991)
ANS(1974–1976)
BeppoSAX(1996–2003)
CHIPSat(2003–2008)
Compton (CGRO)(1991–2000)
CoRoT(2006–2013)
Cos-B(1975–1982)
COBE(1989–1993)
CXBN-2(2017–2019)
DXS(1993)
EPOCh(2008)
EPOXI(2010)
Explorer 11(1961)
EXOSAT(1983–1986)
EUVE(1992–2001)
FUSE(1999–2007)
Gaia(2013–2025)
GALEX(2003–2013)
Gamma(1990–1992)
Ginga (Astro-C)(1987–1991)
Granat(1989–1998)
Hakucho (CORSA-b)(1979–1985)
HALCA (MUSES-B)(1997–2005)
HEAO-1(1977–1979)
Herschel(2009–2013)
Hinotori (Astro-A)(1981–1991)
Hisaki (SPRINT-A)(2013–2023)
HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)(1978–1982)
HEAO-3(1979–1981)
HETE-2(2000–2008)
Hipparcos(1989–1993)
ILO-X(2024)
INTEGRAL(2002–2025)
IRAS(1983)
IRTS(1995–1996)
ISO(1996–1998)
IUE(1978–1996)
IXAE(1996–2004)
Kepler(2009–2018)
Kristall(1990–2001)
Kvant-1(1987–2001)
LEGRI(1997–2002)
LISA Pathfinder(2015–2017)
MinXSS(2015–2017)
MOST(2003–2019)
MSX(1996–1997)
Mikhailo Lomonosov(2016–2019?)
OAO-2(1968–1973)
OAO-3 (Copernicus)(1972–1981)
Orbiting Solar Observatory
- OSO 1
- OSO B
- OSO 3
- OSO 4
- OSO 5
- OSO 6
- OSO 7
- OSO 8
Orion 1(1971)
Orion 2(1973)
PAMELA(2006–2016)
PicSat(2018)
Planck(2009–2013)
RELIKT-1(1983–1984)
R/HESSI(2002–2018)
ROSAT(1990–1999)
RXTE(1995–2012)
SAMPEX(1992–2004)
SAS-B(1972–1973)
SAS-C(1975–1979)
SOLAR(2008–2017)
Solwind(1979–1985)
Spektr-R(2011–2019)
Spitzer(2003–2020)
Suzaku (Astro-EII)(2005–2015)
Taiyo (SRATS)(1975–1980)
Tenma (Astro-B)(1983–1985)
Uhuru(1970–1973)
Vanguard 3(1959)
WMAP(2001–2010)
WISE(2009–2024)
Yokoh (Solar-A)(1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)

SWAS(1998–2005)
TRACE(1998–2010)

Lost/Failed

OAO-1(1966)
OAO-B(1970)
CORSA(1976)
CXBN(2012–2013)
OSO C(1965)
ABRIXAS(1999)
HETE-1(1996)
WIRE(1999)
Astro-E(2000)
Tsubame(2014–2015)
Hitomi (Astro-H)(2016)

Cancelled

Great Observatories program
List of space telescopes
List of proposed space telescopes
X-ray telescope
List of heliophysics missions
List of planetariums
Hubble (2010 documentary)
Deep Sky (2023 documentary)
Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine (2023 documentary)

Category:Space telescopes

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