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 Aerial view of former linear accelerator | |
| Established | 1962; 63 years ago (1962) |
|---|---|
| Research type | Physical sciences |
| Budget | $383 million (2017)[1] |
Field of research | Accelerator physics Photon science |
| Director | John L. Sarrao |
| Staff | 1,684 |
| Address | 2575 Sand Hill Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 |
| Location | Menlo Park, California, United States 37°25′03″N122°12′09″W / 37.41750°N 122.20250°W /37.41750; -122.20250 |
| Campus | 172 ha (426 acres) |
| Nickname | SLAC |
| Affiliations | U.S. Department of Energy |
Operating agency | Stanford University |
| Burton Richter Richard E. Taylor Martin L. Perl | |
| Website | slac.stanford.edu |
| Map | |
  Location in California | |
 | |
| General properties | |
|---|---|
| Accelerator type | linear accelerator |
| Beam type | electrons |
| Target type | fixed target |
| Beam properties | |
| Maximum energy | 50 GeV |
| Physical properties | |
| Length | 3.2 km (2.0 mi) |
| Location | Menlo Park, California |
| Institution | Stanford University,US-DOE |
| Dates of operation | 1966–2006 |
| Succeeded by | LCLS |
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named theStanford Linear Accelerator Center,[2][3] is afederally funded research and development center inMenlo Park,California,United States. Founded in 1962, the laboratory is now sponsored by theUnited States Department of Energy and administrated byStanford University. It is the site of theStanford Linear Accelerator, a 3.2 kilometer (2-mile)linear accelerator constructed in 1966 that could accelerate electrons to energies of 50GeV.
Today SLAC research centers on a broad program inatomic andsolid-state physics,chemistry,biology, andmedicine using X-rays fromsynchrotron radiation and afree-electron laser as well asexperimental andtheoretical research inelementaryparticle physics,accelerator physics,astroparticle physics, andcosmology. The laboratory is under the programmatic direction of the United States Department of Energy Office of Science.
Founded in 1962 as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the facility is located on 172 ha (426 acres) ofStanford University-owned land onSand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California, just west of the university's main campus. The main accelerator is 3.2 km (2 mi) long, making it the longest linear accelerator in the world, and has been operational since 1966.
Research at SLAC has produced threeNobel Prizes in Physics:
SLAC's meeting facilities also provided a venue for theHomebrew Computer Club and other pioneers of thehome computer revolution of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
In 1984, the laboratory was named anASME National Historic Engineering Landmark and anIEEE Milestone.[7]
SLAC developed and, in December 1991, began hosting the firstWorld Wide Web server outside of Europe.[8]
In the early-to-mid 1990s, the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) investigated the properties of theZ boson using the Stanford Large Detector.
As of 2005, SLAC employed over 1,000 people, some 150 of whom werephysicists withdoctorate degrees, and served over 3,000 visiting researchers yearly, operatingparticle accelerators forhigh-energy physics and theStanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) forsynchrotron light radiation research, which was "indispensable" in the research leading to the 2006Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Stanford ProfessorRoger D. Kornberg.[9]
In October 2008, the Department of Energy announced that the center's name would be changed to SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The reasons given include a better representation of the new direction of the lab and the ability to trademark the laboratory's name. Stanford University had legally opposed the Department of Energy's attempt to trademark "Stanford Linear Accelerator Center".[2][10]
In March 2009, it was announced that the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory was to receive $68.3 million in Recovery Act Funding to be disbursed by Department of Energy's Office of Science.[11]
In October 2016, Bits and Watts launched as a collaboration between SLAC and Stanford University to design "better, greener electric grids". SLAC later pulled out over concerns about an industry partner, the state-owned Chinese electric utility.[12]
In April of 2024, SLAC completed two decades of work constructing the world's largest digital camera for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) project at theVera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile. The camera is expected to become operational in 2025.[13]
The main accelerator was anRF linear accelerator that acceleratedelectrons andpositrons up to 50GeV. At 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long, theaccelerator was the longestlinear accelerator in the world, and was claimed to be "the world's most straight object."[14] until 2017 when theEuropean x-ray free electron laser opened. The main accelerator is buried 9 m (30 ft) below ground[15] and passes underneathInterstate Highway 280. The above-groundklystron gallery atop thebeamline, was the longest building in the United States until theLIGO project's twin interferometers were completed in 1999. It is easily distinguishable from the air and is marked as a visual waypoint on aeronautical charts.[16]
A portion of the original linear accelerator is now part of the Linac Coherent Light Source.
The Stanford Linear Collider was alinear accelerator that collidedelectrons andpositrons at SLAC.[17] Thecenter of massenergy was about 90GeV, equal to themass of theZ boson, which the accelerator was designed to study.Grad student Barrett D. Milliken discovered the first Zevent on 12 April 1989 while poring over the previous day's computer data from theMark II detector.[18] The bulk of the data was collected by theSLAC Large Detector, which came online in 1991. Although largely overshadowed by theLarge Electron–Positron Collider atCERN, which began running in 1989, the highlypolarized electron beam at SLC (close to 80%[19]) made certain unique measurements possible, such as parity violation in Z Boson-b quark coupling.[20]
Presently no beam enters the south and north arcs in the machine, which leads to the Final Focus, therefore this section is mothballed to run beam into the PEP2 section from the beam switchyard.
The SLAC Large Detector (SLD) was the main detector for the Stanford Linear Collider. It was designed primarily to detect Z bosons produced by the accelerator's electron-positron collisions. Built in 1991, the SLD operated from 1992 to 1998.[21]
PEP (Positron-Electron Project) began operation in 1980, with center-of-mass energies up to 29 GeV. At its apex, PEP had five large particle detectors in operation, as well as a sixth smaller detector. About 300 researchers made used of PEP. PEP stopped operating in 1990, and PEP-II began construction in 1994.[22]
From 1999 to 2008, the main purpose of the linear accelerator was to inject electrons and positrons into the PEP-II accelerator, an electron-positron collider with a pair of storage rings 2.2 km (1.4 mi) in circumference. PEP-II was host to theBaBar experiment, one of the so-calledB-Factory experiments studyingcharge-parity symmetry.
The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is asynchrotron light user facility located on the SLAC campus. Originally built for particle physics, it was used in experiments where theJ/ψ meson was discovered. It is now used exclusively for materials science and biology experiments which take advantage of the high-intensity synchrotron radiation emitted by the stored electron beam to study the structure of molecules. In the early 1990s, an independent electron injector was built for this storage ring, allowing it to operate independently of the main linear accelerator.
SLAC plays a primary role in the mission and operation of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched in August 2008. The principal scientific objectives of this mission are:
The Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC) is partially housed on the grounds of SLAC, in addition to its presence on the main Stanford campus.
The Stanford PULSE Institute (PULSE) is a Stanford Independent Laboratory located in the Central Laboratory at SLAC. PULSE was created by Stanford in 2005 to help Stanford faculty and SLAC scientists develop ultrafast x-ray research at LCLS. PULSE research publications can be viewedhere.
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is afree electron laser facility located at SLAC. The LCLS is partially a reconstruction of the last 1/3 of the original linear accelerator at SLAC, and can deliver extremely intense x-ray radiation for research in a number of areas. It achieved first lasing in April 2009.[23]
The laser produces hard X-rays, 109 times the relative brightness of traditional synchrotron sources and is the most powerful x-ray source in the world. LCLS enables a variety of new experiments and provides enhancements for existing experimental methods. Often, x-rays are used to take "snapshots" of objects at the atomic level before obliterating samples. The laser's wavelength, ranging from 6.2 to 0.13 nm (200 to 9500electron volts (eV))[24][25] is similar to the width of an atom, providing extremely detailed information that was previously unattainable.[26] Additionally, the laser is capable of capturing images with a "shutter speed" measured in femtoseconds, or million-billionths of a second, necessary because the intensity of the beam is often high enough so that the sample explodes on the femtosecond timescale.[27][24]
The LCLS-II project is to provide a major upgrade to LCLS by adding two new X-ray laser beams. The new system will utilize the 500 m (1,600 ft) of existing tunnel to add a new superconducting accelerator at 4 GeV and two new sets of undulators that will increase the available energy range of LCLS. The advancement from the discoveries using this new capabilities may include new drugs, next-generation computers, and new materials.[28]
In 2012, the first two-thirds (~2 km) of the original SLAC LINAC were recommissioned for a new user facility, the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET). This facility was capable of delivering 20 GeV, 3 nC electron (and positron) beams with short bunch lengths and small spot sizes, ideal for beam-drivenplasma acceleration studies.[29] The facility ended operations in 2016 for the constructions of LCLS-II which will occupy the first third of the SLAC LINAC. The FACET-II project will re-establish electron and positron beams in the middle third of the LINAC for the continuation of beam-driven plasma acceleration studies in 2019.
The Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) is a 60-120 MeV high-brightness electron beam linear accelerator used for experiments on advanced beam manipulation and acceleration techniques. It is located at SLAC's end station B. A list of relevant research publications can be viewedhereArchived 15 September 2015 at theWayback Machine.
SLAC also performs theoretical research in elementary particle physics, including in areas ofquantum field theory, collider physics,astroparticle physics, and particle phenomenology.
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