InHungarian, it is known asSzilágy megye, inSlovak asSalašská župa, and inGerman asKreis Zillenmarkt. The county is named after the riverSălaj, which gets its name from HungarianSzilágy "elm creek", composed fromszil, "elm" andágy, "riverbed".[4]
On 28 July 1978, a team ofspeleologists discovered in the cave ofCuciulatPaleolithic paintings about 12,000 years old,[5] unique in Romania. Called the "Romanian Altamira", this cave features several red paintings of animals, including horses and felines. These are the first manifestations of this kind known inSoutheastern Europe.[6]
The first villages in the current territory of Sălaj County are 7,500 years old. The first ceramic pots in Sălaj area are about the same age. The first houses with several rooms were built in this county about 6,000 years ago. The only fully studiedBronze Age settlement in the Romanian territory is located in Sălaj County, inRecea.
So far, 63 bronze artifacts have been discovered dating as far back as 17th–9th centuries BC. Bronze items from this period discovered in the Sălaj County are exhibited today in museums in Germany, United States, Hungary, but alsoBucharest. Six defense citadels were dated to the firstIron Age, 11th–4th centuries BC.
Between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD, the current territory of Sălaj was occupied byDacians. There was a Dacian tribal union betweenCrasna andBarcău rivers that controlled the access roads to the north-west, to and from Transylvania, as well as the commerce, especially thesalt trade. From the Dacian period come no less than 23 Dacian thesauri, made of silver coins and ornaments. The 3,000 coins and 70 silver ornaments weigh in total about 13 kg (29 lb). The largest fortified Dacian settlement in Romania was discovered in Sălaj County, dating from the 1st century AD. In total, in Sălaj County were discovered sites of 30 Dacian villages and 15 Dacian citadels defending the tribal union in the west of the current county. These citadels were located on hills and were fortified with ditches and earth walls, on which were erected wooden palisades. The center of the tribal union was onMăgura Șimleului, in a complex of settlements and fortifications.
In the western half of the county, under Roman military control, subsequently settled theVandals, which entered into an alliance with Dacians, supported by theRomans to fight other barbarians. The Vandals arrived in the area during the 1st century AD, coming from the current territory ofDenmark.
After conqueringDacia, the Romans built on the place of a Dacian settlement the capital ofDacia Porolissensis, atPorolissum (currentMoigrad). The capital Porolissum had about 20,000 inhabitants, defended by the militaries in the localcastra.[7] As a work of art should be mentioned theamphitheater, a scale replica of the one inRome, with a capacity of 6,000 seats. In 214 AD, Roman EmperorMarcus Aurelius Antoninus visited Porolissum. At Porolissum was quartered for a period Cohors III Dacorum, made of ethnic Dacians, who fought as infantry.
In the Sălaj County area there were identified nine Roman castra (Certinae,Largiana,Optatiana,Porolissum,Brusturi,Buciumi,Jac,Tihău, andZalău) and thelimes (fortified border) of the province. In 275 AD, Roman authorities left the province, but indigenous people continued to live in the same territories. Their presence is attested archaeologically after the Roman imperial authorities left the region.
There followed theGepids, which just passed through the area. Two Gepid gold thesauri discovered inȘimleu Silvaniei, weighing in total about 10 kg (22 lb) of gold and dating from the 5th century AD, are now exhibited in museums inVienna andBudapest. In the 6th–7th centuries AD arrive in the area Slavic tribes, who find here the native population.
In the early Middle Ages, in the 10th century AD, the boundary between the voivodeship ofMenumorut and that ofGelu was onMeseș Mountains. From the early medieval period come more than 100 settlements identified in the Sălaj County (7th–13th centuries). Among the first counties organized in Transylvania wasCrasna County, in 1090, part of the current Sălaj County.
Byzantine chronicles andAnonymus'Gesta Hungarorum make the first mentions about Romanians in these places, about their forms of organization, as well as the first documentary attestation ofZalău (1220 asvilla Ziloc).[8]
Starting with the second half of the 11th century, Hungarians conquer systematically Transylvania, which organizes as an autonomous Voivodate within theKingdom of Hungary. During the Middle Ages, Transylvanian politics was monopolized byUnio Trium Nationum (a political alliance of nobles, Saxon and Székely rulers formed during theBobâlna revolt of 1437–1438). From 1526, Transylvania is included in theEastern Hungarian Kingdom that will become under Ottoman suzerainty, and in 1570 it transforms to thePrincipality of Transylvania. After 1691, the Principality is subjected to the direct rule of theHabsburgs governors. In 1765, it transformed into theGrand Principality of Transylvania. After the formation of theAustro-Hungarian Empire (1867), Transylvania disappears as a state, being incorporated again into theKingdom of Hungary. A county with an identical name (Szilágy County,Romanian:Comitatul Sălaj) was created in 1876, covering a similar area.
In Salaj County are medieval citadels and castles which belonged to noble families (Dragu,Jibou,Gârbou,Șimleu Silvaniei, etc.). Among them is Almașu Citadel (Romanian:Cetatea Almașului) (nowadays, in ruins), built in the 13th century, a property of Transylvanian voivodes, then ofPetru Rareș, Prince ofMoldavia.
The history of Salaj County includes an important episode related to historical facts of the maker of the first political union ofWallachia,Transylvania, andMoldavia underMichael the Brave. On 3 August 1601, armies led by Michael the Brave and Austrian generalGiorgio Bastadefeated the Hungarian noble army led by PrinceSigismund Báthory atGuruslău (Goroszló), near Zalău (Zilah) (where a memorial was erected).
At the forefront of the struggle for national rights of Romanians the often have been personalities from Sălaj County. Among theRomanian revolutionaries of 1848 can be mentionedAlexandru Papiu Ilarian andSimion Bărnuțiu, who became the ideologist of the Romanian revolution in Transylvania.
Following the establishment of theRomanian National Party in Transylvania (1869) and the adoption of "passivist" tactics (non-participation in the political life of Hungary), Sălaj leaders of the party participated in the largest protest during the political passivism period, the "Memorandist Movement" (1892–1894). Was noticed the contribution ofGheorghe Pop de Băsești. The failure of political passivism determined the PNR leaders to pass to "political activism", starting in 1905. At the stage of political activism, the Transylvanian Romanians achieved representation in theParliament in Budapest, advocating there for national rights. In that context, there stood out the activity ofIuliu Maniu, the greatest politician in the history of Sălaj.
In the national and international favorable conditions of 1918, leaders of Romanians in Transylvania organized theGreat National Assembly ofAlba Iulia (1 December 1918), with plebiscitary character, which proclaimed theUnion of Transylvania with Romania. Political elites in Sălaj had a leading role in the events. Gheorghe Pop de Băsești was elected president of the Great National Council (legislative body), Iuliu Maniu became president of the Governing Council (executive body), andVictor Deleu was the leader of the Interior within the Governing Council (the two institutions have led Transilvania during its provisional autonomy until April 1920).
The territory of the county was transferred to Romania from Hungary as the successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under theTreaty of Trianon. It was organized by Romanian officials as a county in 1925.
In the interwar period, Sălaj evolved within the history ofGreater Romania. Was remarked Iuliu Maniu's political activity, president of PNR, then president of PNȚ andprime minister of Romania. At the beginning of Greater Romania, Sălaj County had 3,815 km2 and 226,716 inhabitants, of which: 139,878Romanians, 70,405Hungarians, 9,322Slovaks, 831Jews, 6,282 other nationalities. Legislation of Greater Romania offered the possibility of functioning of schools or departments in native languages. According to documents from the State Archives, Sălaj County, in 1933 had 342,642 inhabitants, of which: 202,176 Romanians, 90,800 Hungarians, 30,840Germans, 17,138 Jews, 1,715 other nationalities. The number of students was: 44,921 Romanians, 20,192 Hungarians, 3,287 Germans, 2,111 Jews, 396 other nationalities.
In 1938,King Carol II promulgated a newConstitution, and subsequently, he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed.10ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled byrezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King - instead of theprefects. Sălaj County became part ofȚinutul Crișuri.
BySecond Vienna Award, concluded on 30 August 1940, arbitrated byNazi Germany andFascist Italy, Romania had to cede to HungaryNorthern Transylvania. Until March 1945, when the ceded part will return to Romania (duringPetru Groza government), Sălaj was part of Hungary again. Between 1940 and 1944, inSzilágy County notable incidents happened, claiming the lives of 495 people,[9] most of them culminating in theIp andTreznea massacres. Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania, re-establishing the county. Starting with 14 October 1944, Romanian armies carried military operations in the territory, however, the Romanian administration was expelled from these territories in October due to the activities of the Romanian paramilitary groups created in the area to avenge the atrocities committed by the Hungarians against the Romanians during the Hungarian rule in Northern Transylvania.[10][11] Romanian jurisdiction over the county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in theParis Peace Treaties, 1947.
After 1947, Sălaj inhabitants have experienced the realities of the Communist totalitarian regime. Among Sălaj personalities, can be mentioned artist Ioan Sima who, in 1980, donated to the County Museum of History and Art in Zalău paintings and graphics, personal archive and his library of art.
AfterDecember 1989, in the conditions of return to a democratic political regime and Euro-Atlantic integration, Sălaj has become a model of interethnic cohabitation, also manifested in education. Politically, was remarked the activity ofCorneliu Coposu, the former personal secretary of Iuliu Maniu. His name links to the clotting of theRomanian Democratic Convention that succeeded the first democratic alternation in power in post-revolutionary Romania.
Sălaj County unfolds on 3,864.38 km2 (1.6% of the country area),[12] of which 239,613 ha are agricultural land, 105,833 ha forests and 41,000 ha inhabited area.[13] It is located in the north-west of the country, overlapping mostly in the area of connection between theEastern Carpathians andApuseni Mountains, known as "Someș Plateau".
The relief is predominantly hilly, mountains occupying a small portion in the south-west. The hilly area is composed of the Someș Plateau and piedmont hills of Silvania. The mountainous area is represented by two northern branches of the Apuseni Mountains:Meseș with Măgura Priei Peak (996 m) and Plopiș.[14] Depressions are widely distributed throughout the county and represent important agricultural areas of concentration of settlements.
In terms of climate, Sălaj County, by its geographical position, falls in moderatetemperate continental climate, west and north-west circulation predominating.
The thermal regime of the air is conditioned by altitude, fragmentation and orientation of relief, plus local factors, the average temperature being around 8 °C. Average temperature atZalău (calculated for the period 1961–1990) is 9.5 °C, remarking a growing trend of it. The maximum temperature recorded at the Zalăumeteorological station was 38 °C on 16 August 1952, and the minimum temperature recorded is -23.5 °C, on 25 January 1954.[12]
The annual rainfall regime is generated by two factors: general atmospheric circulation, physical and geographical conditions, respectively. Advection of temperate oceanic air from west and north-west direction, especially during the summer, as well as frequent ingress of cold air masses from the north or those temperate continental from north-east and east, during the winter, plus advection of maritime tropical air from the south-west and south, explain all influences of atmospheric action centres which are felt in this area. Taking into account these elements, plus relief influences, atmospheric rainfall are unevenly spread across the county. The average amount of precipitation is 600–700 mm, in Zalău being 634.2 mm (calculated for the period 1961–1990).[12] The most abundant precipitation falls in summer, when besides frontal processes occurs the intense thermal convection, causingshowers, rich in terms of quantity. During the winter, rainfall is less quantitatively, although the number of days with precipitation is not smaller. By and large, the pluviometric maximum overlaps the months of May–June, and the pluviometric minimum is registered in January–February.
Hydrographic network of the county has a length of 1,263.7 km, of which theSomeș is 95 km within the county,Almaș 68 km,Agrij 48 km,Crasna 71 km,Barcău 54 km. Water covers 57.8 km2, representing 1.5% of the county area.
Sălaj landscape presents areas with forests ofoak,sessile,beech and other deciduous, pastures and agricultural land planted with vines, fruit trees, grain alternating with anthropogenic landscapes.
At the2021 census, the county had a population of 212,224 inhabitants and a density of 56/km2 (150/sq mi). Sălaj County ranks third nationally as one of the counties with the lowest number of inhabitants.
The ethnic structure of the county includes:Romanians (136,552) – 70.09%,Hungarians (40,554) – 20.82%,Romani (16,706) – 8.58%,Slovaks (760) – 0.39%, and other nationalities (236). Additionally, 17,416 have not declared their ethnicity.
Of the total resident population of 10 years and over 47.8% had low levels of education (primary, gymnasium or no school graduated), 41.4% intermediate levels (postgraduate and vocational, high school or professional and apprentice) and 10.8% higher levels.[17]
The number of people with higher education increased by 2.3 times in 2011 compared to 2002, and that of people with low levels of education decreased by 24.9%. On 20 October 2011, the share of illiterate persons in the total population of 10 years and over was 1.8%, 1.2% lower than in the 2002 census.
Historically, the county was located in the northwestern part ofGreater Romania, on the border with Hungary. The eastern half of its territory was in the historical region ofTransylvania, while the western half was located in theCrişana region. After the administrative unification law in 1925, the name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized. It was bordered on the south with the counties ofBihor andCluj, to the east bySomeș County, to the north bySatu Mare County, and to the west with Hungary. The interwar county's territory included the current Sălaj County, the northern part of the currentBihor County and the southwestern part of the currentSatu Mare County.
According to the census data of 1930, the county's population was 343,347, of which 56.2% were Romanians, 31.4% Hungarians, 4.7% Germans, 3.9% Jews, as well as other minorities.[20] In the religious aspect, the population consisted of 52.6% Greek Catholic, 25.4% Reformed (Calvinist), 12.2% Roman Catholic, 4.0% Jewish, 4.4% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities.[21]
In 1930, the urban population of the county was 31,830, of which 46.1% were Hungarians, 31.6% Romanians, 13.4% Jews, 5.6% Germans, as well as other minorities. As a mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian was spoken by 62.0% of the population, followed by Romanian (27.5%), Yiddish Yiddish (8.0%), German (1.2%), as well as other minority languages. From the religious point of view, the urban population was made up of 28.6% Reformed, 27.2% Greek Catholic, 24.2% Roman Catholic, 13.8% Jewish, 4.9% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities.
^Hanson, W. S.; Haynes, I. P. (2004).Roman Dacia. The Making of a Provincial Society. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 56. Portsmouth, RI:Journal of Roman Archaeology.ISBN1-887829-56-3.
^Cristea, Irina (17 March 2014). Bădulescu, Marina (ed.)."Județul Sălaj - Scurt istoric".Agerpres (in Romanian). Archived fromthe original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved8 September 2015.
^Rogers Brubaker, Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 80
^Mihordescu, Roxana; Lecea, Doina (17 March 2014). Bădulescu, Marina (ed.)."Județul Sălaj - Prezentare".Agerpres (in Romanian). Archived fromthe original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved8 September 2015.
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