An older city, now known as Old Ryazan (Russian:Старая Рязань,romanized: Staraya Ryazan), was located 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of modern-day Ryazan during the lateMiddle Ages, and served as capital of thePrincipality of Ryazan up until theMongol invasion in 1237. During theSiege of Ryazan, it became one of the first cities in Russia to be besieged and completely razed to the ground. The capital was subsequently moved to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (Russian:Переяславль-Рязанский), and later renamed to Ryazan by order ofCatherine the Great in 1778.[9]
In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Ryazan entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people.[10]
In the 12th century, the lands of Ryazan – being located on the border between woodlands and thesteppe – suffered numerous invasions from the southern and northern parts of European Russia. Southern invasions were usually carried out by theCumans; on the northern side Ryazan was in conflict withVladimir-Suzdal, who by the end of the 12th century had burnt the capital of Ryazan several times.
In the 13th century, Ryazan was thefirst Russian city to face Mongolian invasion by the hordes ofBatu Khan. On December 21, 1237, after a short siege, it wascompletely destroyed and never recovered. As a result of the takeover, the seat of the principality was moved about 55 km (34 mi) to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name ofStaraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close toSpassk-Ryazansky. Maps of the 16th-18th centuries show Ryazan (Old Ryazan) and Pereslavl-Ryazan together.[11][12][13][14][vague]
In 1380, during theBattle of Kulikovo, the Grand Prince of Ryazan Oleg and his men came under a coalition ofMamai, a strongman of the TatarGolden Horde, and the Grand Duke ofLithuania, against the armies under the command of the Grand Prince ofVladimir,Dmitry Donskoy.
Late in the 13th century, the Princes of Ryazan moved their capital to Pereyaslavl' (Russian:Переяславль), which is known as Ryazan from the 16th century (officially renamed in 1778).
The principality was finally dissolved and incorporated into theGrand Duchy of Moscow in 1521. The principality's last duke,Ivan V of Ryazan, was imprisoned for a short time for being suspected in a treasonous attempt to seal a treaty withCrimean Khanate in order to outweigh Moscow's influence. The duke fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania where he died no later than 1534.[15][16]
Being the southernmost border of Rus' lands at the time, Ryazan continued to suffer from invasions ofCrimean Tatars and their allies.
Around that time Ryazan ex-duchy became a home for various noble families, most notable of which are Lyapunovs, whose brothersProkopy andZakhary Lyapunov played a significant roles in shaping Russian history during theTime of Troubles.
DuringWorld War II, Ryazan was repeatedly bombed by GermanLuftwaffe.[20][21] Immediately after the war, rapid development of the city began, and it became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia.[20][22] On October 19, 1960 apetroleum refinery produced its first gasoline.[23]
Ryazan housed the USSR's only producer of potato-harvesting equipment at the time. Ryazselmash factory (Russian:Рязсельмаш,lit.'Ryazan Countryside Machines'), an accounting machines plant, and a heavy forging equipment plant, among others, were also built.[22]
Because of the city's industrialization, Ryazan Oblast's share of workers employed in the agrarian sector shifted into the industrial sector.[22]
Ryazan was developed as a military center, and became the main training center of theSoviet Airborne Forces. Several positionedman-portable air-defense systems protect the urban sky. Besides the Airborne School (at the time named afterKliment Voroshilov[20]), Ryazan has the Automobile School and Institute of Communications, a regiment ofrailway troops, airbase strategic bombers, and a training center in Diaghilev.
Ryazan developed particularly rapidly while Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakova served as Chair of the Council of People's Deputies of Ryazan and Ryazan mayor. Under Chumakova, the city's population increased from 72,000 to 520,000. Chumakova oversaw the construction of social and cultural amenities, more than 20 urban areas, and hundreds of kilometers of trolleybus, tram and bus routes. Landscaping became a fundamental strategy for the development of the city at that time. A "green" ring of forests, parks, and garden associations surrounded Ryazan, with large parks located in each area of the city, and compositions of flowers and vertical gardening became customary, not only for the main streets, but also for industrial zones and factory buildings. Ryazan repeatedly won recognition among the cities of the Soviet Union for its landscaping. During her 26 years in office, Chumakova often accepted awards of theRed Banner of the USSR on behalf of Ryazan.
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2024)
By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, more than half of the city's GDP was being exported into itssatellite states. In the 1990s, Ryazan experienced significant economic troubles as part of the1998 Russian financial crisis, with many ex-Soviet and newly established companies going bankrupt by the end of the decade.[24] In September 1999, Ryazan suffered a series of attemptedapartment bombings (seeRyazan Incident below).
As of 2001, Ryazan remained significantly politically and economically influenced by the neighboringMoscow Oblast.[25]
In 2006 and 2007, the Public Committee in Defense of the Historical and Architectural Museum "Ryazan Kremlin" campaigned against attempts by theDiocese of Voronezh to establish ownership over theRyazan Kremlin.[26]
A number of environmental groups are active in the city, campaigning for the removal of illegal landfills and volunteering for water area clean up. In 2019 and 2020, these groups organized and staged ecological pickets and protests.[27][28]
As of 2021 an environmental pollution of air in the city remain relatively high.[29] Excessive emissions of toxic fumes and gaseous substances such assulfur dioxide (SO2) from neighbouring industries (i.e. oil refinery) located next to the city are often reported by local media.[30] In December 2020 local government was trying to address the problem by fining local commercial organizations.[31]
The Ryazan city governing body is divided among City's legislature (Ryazan City Duma), City administration and district's courts.
Executive powers of the city are administered by a city governour, his advisers and deputies.[34] Formal control over activities of authorities is exercised by the Public Chamber of the city of Ryazan, who work with youth involved in the headquarters of youth activists.
The City Duma is a local parliament authorized to make city-wide laws. It's divided into sub-committees.[35]
Ryazan is also a system of community councils areas which are deliberative bodies coordinating the work of services housing and communal services and the Department of Public Works on urban areas.
The city also hosts different regional governing bodies: Ryazan Oblast Duma (regional parliament), Government and the Governor of the Ryazan Oblast. In two urban and one suburban residence being received at the highest level.
In January 2021 the city saw a spike in protest activity. As many as 2000 people have participated in rallies in Ryazan alone as part of the2021 Russian protests.[36]
Higher Paratrooper Command Academy (HPCA), Russia state-runmilitary school training officers for the airborne forces. Because of HPCA the city is often referred as the "paratrooper capital" (Russian:Столица ВДВ). In 2010 the institution discontinued enrollment to its paratrooping program, and now focuses on training professional sergeants for thearmed forces.[38]
Gorky Library serves Ryazan as well as Ryazan Oblast. It is the largest library in the region.
Ryazan, like many cities in Russia after thecollapse of the Soviet Union, saw a rise in crime during the 1990s.Slonovskaya organized criminal group [ru] (Russian:Слоновская ОПГ) (Slony for short), one of thelargest gangs in Russia, managed tomonopolize thedowntown area and thecriminal underworld of Ryazan. The name is literally translated as "Elephants", after one of its leaders' height and power: Vyacheslav Ermolov Evgenievich (born 1962) nicknamed "Elephant". Before his criminal career started he was a taxi driver. The other leader was a personal driver of the vice prosecutor of the city.[39]
According to Russian TV channelNTV, the gang was linked to local authorities.[42] By 1995, Slony managed to briefly seize control over almost the entire business community of Ryazan. This situation continued up until 1996 when local law enforcement managed to apprehend some suspects linked to the gang. By 2000 the gang was almost completely eliminated. Some members were either sentenced to jail or were on the run.[43] One member of the group allegedly committed suicide in a detention center ofTolyatti in 2016 and another in Ryazan according to Russian sources.[44] Slony's chief leader, Ermolov, was still wanted as of August 2021.[44]
In the same period, evidence was gathered against the former (4th) mayor and chairman of cityduma,Fyodor Provotorov [ru]. Provotorova held powerful positions in the city for eight years, and, according to local authorities, was associated with the activities of the Slony gang.
Besides Slony, there were two other powerful criminal groups which rivaled Slony and were active in 1996-2001:Osokyn's gang [ru] andAirapetov's gang [ru]. By the 2018 many of Elephants had served their prison terms and were freed.[45] Some of members of the Osokyn's gang were sentenced up to 20 years in 2011. Its leader, who is currently a fugitive, was allegedly apprehended in 2016 byUkrainian authorities in Ukraine.
In 1999 a group of allegedly plain-clothesFSB officers attempted to blow up a building on the East side of the city. The event is known as theRyazan Incident.[46][47]
Today, the crime rate in Ryazan is one of the lowest among the cities of theCentral Federal District according to theRussian Interior Ministry. In the first six-months of 2012, 579.6 crimes were reported per 100,000 people, almost half the Central Federal District average of 839 reported crimes per hundred-thousand people. The low crime rate in Ryazan is often attributed to increased number of police patrols, high number of military schools, and voluntary militias headquarters distributed throughout the city's districts.[citation needed]
Railroads supply local refining industry with petroleumCity hotel AMAKSCentral Mall
Major industry enterprises in the city include a military radio electronics production plant and anoil refinery (subsidiary) ofRosneft, JSC Ryazan Oil Refining Company).[48] The plant can refine 17 million metric tons of oil per year[38] and is the city's largest employer.
Around a quarter of the city's population works in the electronics industry. The most notable company in this sector is Plazma, which produces plasma screens for products including tanks and locomotives. In 1994, the company created a 50-50 research and development joint-venture with the South Korean company Orion PDP. In addition to plasma technology, Plazma produces LCD screens, industrial gas lasers and medical lasers. The company exports its products to theUnited States,China, andIsrael, among others.[38]
In 1993software development companyEPAM Systems entered the Ryazan market. As of 2016 it worked in joint venture with RSREU helping to teach students for free.[37]
In 2012 Russian search giantYandex launched the 40MW data center inSasovo; it is expected to accommodate 100,000 servers by 2019.[49]
A steel casting company in the northwestern section of the city produces heavy steelworks and product, including industrial steel pipes for use innuclear power plants. The plant employs acentrifugal casting method.[citation needed]
A railway connects city to the Moscow (since 1864) via two train stations:Ryazan I [ru] andRyazan II [ru]; both of which are part of the Ryazan railroadtransit system within the city's borders.[50]
^Zatta, Antonio (1782).Governi di Moscovia e Woronez colle loro Provincie Nella Russia Europea Di nuova Projezione.
^Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert (1674).LA RUSSIE BLANCHE ou MOSCOVIE : Diviseé Suivant l'Estendue DES ROYAUMES, DUCHES, PRINCIPAUTES PROVINCES et PEUPLES, qui sont Presentement soubs la Domination DU CZAR DE LA RUSSIE, Cogneu soubs le Nom de GRAND DUC DE MOSCOVIE.ISBN978-9949-644-00-1.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №128-ОЗ от 12 сентября 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Рязанской области», в ред. Закона №56-ОЗ от 27 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 7 Закона Рязанской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Рязанской области"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №273, 20 сентября 2007 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #128-OZ of September 12, 2007On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ryazan Oblast, as amended by the Law #56-OZ of July 27, 2012On Amending Article 7 of the Law of Ryazan Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ryazan Oblast". Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №75-ОЗ от 7 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования — город Рязань статусом городского округа и установлении его границ», в ред. Закона №77-ОЗ от 9 июля 2008 г «Об утверждении границы муниципального образования — городской округ город Рязань». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №212–213, 14 октября 2004 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #75-OZ of October 7, 2004On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Ryazan and on Establishing Its Borders, as amended by the Law #77-OZ of July 9, 2008On Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation—the Urban Okrug of the City of Ryazan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №74-ОЗ от 7 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования — Рязанский район статусом муниципального района, об установлении его границ и границ муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №45-ОЗ от 9 апреля 2008 г «Об утверждении границы муниципального образования — Рязанский муниципальный район и границ муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №212–213 (без приложений), 14 октября 2004 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #74-OZ of October 7, 2004On Granting the Municipal Formation of Ryazansky District the Status of a Municipal District, on Establishing Its Borders and the Borders of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #45-OZ of April 9, 2008On Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation of Ryazansky Municipal Districts and the Borders of the Municipal Formations It Comprises. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
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