 Narval in Sevastopol c. 1915. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Russian Empire and theRepublic | |
| Name | Narval |
| Builder | Nevsky Factory,Saint Petersburg[1] |
| Laid down | December 1911[2] |
| Launched | 24 April[a] 1915[2] |
| Completed | 5 September[b] 1915[2] |
| Homeport | Sevastopol[2] |
| Fate | Captured byGermany and thenBritain. Scuttled on 26 April 1919.[3] |
| General characteristics[3][1] | |
| Type | Submarine |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 70.1 m (230.0 ft) |
| Beam | 6.5 m (21.3 ft) |
| Draught | 3.5 m (11.5 ft) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed |
|
| Range | 3,500 nmi (6,500 km) |
| Complement | 35 |
| Armament |
|
TheRussian submarineNarval (Russian:Нарвал,lit. 'narwhal') was thelead ship of theNarval class of submarines of theImperial Russian Navy. The boat was laid down in December 1911 and launched in April 1915, before undergoingsea trials and entering service in September [O.S. August] 1915. Just after being launched,Narval was inspected by EmperorNicholas II. The submarine was built for theBlack Sea Fleet, and its construction was accelerated after the outbreak ofWorld War I.Narval took part in raiding Ottoman coal shipping along the Anatolian coast during the war, and was credited with destroying 31 ships for a total of 5,717 gross register tons (GRT), making it the second highest achieving Russian submarine in the Black Sea.
After theRussian Revolution, the submarine remained inSevastopol, where it was first captured by the Germans and then by theBritish and theWhite Army in theRussian Civil War. The British scuttledNarval and several other submarines near Sevastopol in April 1919 to prevent theBolsheviks from taking them.
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After being defeated in theRusso-Japanese War, theRussian Empire began rebuilding itsNavy. Initially the main focus of the naval arms programs was on theBaltic andPacific fleets, but as tensions increased withAustria-Hungary due to theBosnian crisis in 1908 and withOttoman Turkey after the expansion of itsnavy, theBlack Sea Fleet was given more attention. The 1911 naval program approved by theState Duma included the order of six submarines for the Black Sea Fleet, which ended up being threeNarval-class boats and threeMorzh class.[3][4] TheNevsky Factory [ru] inSaint Petersburg developed theNarval class on the basis of a foreign design, the popular Holland type made by the AmericanHolland Torpedo Boat Company.[3][5] But there was a dispute in the Imperial Russian Navy before 1911 on which submarine type to purchase, theNarval class or theMorzh class that was designed byIvan Bubnov, the chief submarine engineer of theBaltic Yard. Bubnov was supported by the Naval General Staff, while the foreign type was favored by members of the Naval Technological Committee, who argued that they needed to study foreign technological advancements. In the end, a conference led by Navy MinisterStepan Voevodskiy settled the matter by ordering three submarines of each class.[5][6]
TheNarval-class submarines were the most advanced Russian submarines at the time because unlike the rest they had crash-diving tanks for faster diving, internal bulkheads that provided more protection for the crew, and used natural flow to fill the mainballast tanks instead of pumps.[3][5] A problem that arose during their construction was that the twin 1,140 horsepower (850 kW)diesel engines to power each boat had been ordered fromGermany and were not delivered by the timeWorld War I broke out, so they had to be replaced by four American-built engines that each provided 210 horsepower (160 kW).[3][1][5] This meant that the designed 16-knot (30 km/h; 18 mph) surface speed could not be attained, and neither could the 12-knot (22 km/h; 14 mph) underwater speed.[1][7]Narval had slightly different weaponry from the other boats in its class, being equipped with twoJapanese 75 mm (3 in)deck guns and two 7.62 mmmachine guns (the latter were installed in 1917). It also had four 450 mm (18 in)torpedo tubes and eightDzhevetskiy torpedo-launching collars (reduced to four in 1917).[3][1] It was heavier than the other two boats, having a displacement of 673 long tons (684 t) on the surface and 1,045 long tons (1,062 t) while underwater.[3]
Construction of all threeNarval-class submarines began in Saint Petersburg, where they were laid down in December 1911, before being transferred to the shipyards inNikolayev for the final assembly.[2][1] The engines were not delivered from the United States until January 1915.[1]Narval was launched on 24 April [O.S. 11 April] 1915 and was inspected by EmperorNicholas II several days later on 28 April.[2] The submarine then carried outsea trials until August, which were accelerated to meet the demands of the war, and it was completed on 5 September [O.S. 23 August] 1915.[2][7]
At the time whenNarval entered service with the RussianBlack Sea Fleet, it was focused on disrupting the Ottoman merchant convoys transporting coal from the area ofZonguldak toConstantinople, which was the main source of fuel for the Ottoman Navy. The new Russian submarines that joined the fleet were tasked with patrolling the Anatolian coast and the entrance to theBosporus.[8][9] In December 1915Narval experienced engine problems while on patrol near the Bosporus, and underwent repairs from January to April 1916 in Sevastopol. Its engines were modified with parts from those of unfinishedAG-class submarines.[2][7] Despite the engine issues,Narval and the other boats of its class became popular with Russian submarine crews.[5] These three boats formed the 2nd Squadron of the Black Sea Submarine Brigade.[1]
By late 1916, there were seven Russian submarines carrying out patrols in the Black Sea in total, which includedNarval and the other boats of its class, the three boats of theMorzh class, and the submarine minelayerKrab.[9] On 16 October 1916,Narval encountered a 4,000-ton Turkish transport that beached itself on the shore upon seeing the submarine, and destroyed it with torpedoes. The following day, it found the TurkishsteamerIrmingard that alsoran aground deliberately after hitting a mine, and also destroyed it.[1]Narval destroyed a 3,000-ton steamer and multipleschooners in the Bosporus on 19 January 1917. The submarine crew tried to take one schooner that they captured to Sevastopol, but in bad weather the line connecting it toNarval was cut and it was lost at sea.[7][10] After theFebruary Revolution in 1917, the Black Sea Fleet and its submarines continued to be active as theRussian Provisional Government continued the war.[11]Narval was still carrying out patrols near the Bosporus as of July 1917.[10] In the autumn of 1917 all three of theNarval-class submarines underwent repairs and were put into the reserve.[1]
During the war,Narval became the second highest achieving Russian submarine in the Black Sea afterTyulen, sinking 31 ships[2] with a total tonnage of 5,717 GRT.[12]
After theOctober Revolution, on 9 February 1918 theCentral PowersrecognizedUkraine's independence and theGerman Army took control of Crimea by May 1918. The Central Powers wanted to divide up the ships of the Black Sea Fleet among themselves,[13] and they were also claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic. The crews of some ships raised the Ukrainian flag,[14] including on theNarval.[3] The submarine was then taken by the Germans, and after the end of the war in November 1918 the boat was acquired by theWestern Allies and theWhite Russian forces.[2][3] TheBritish examinedNarval on 26 December 1918 and decided that it was no longer seaworthy.[7] They scuttled all three submarines of theNarval class near Sevastopol on 26 April 1919 to prevent them from being taken by theBolsheviks.[3]
