The ongoingmilitary occupation of Ukraine'sKherson Oblast (Russian:Херсонская область,romanized: Khersonskaya oblast) by Russian forces began on 24February 2022, when Russian forcesinvaded Ukraine fromCrimea. It was administrated under a Russian-controlled military-civilian administration until 30 September 2022, when the Russian government declared it had annexed the territory. Since then it administers it as an internationally unrecognizedfederal subject of Russia.
Russiacaptured the city ofKherson on 1 March 2022. Kherson was the only regional capital thatRussia has managed to capture in the invasion, though the cities ofDonetsk andLuhansk had been controlled byRussian-backed separatists since 2014. Most of the rest of Kherson Oblast fell toRussian forces in the early months of the invasion.[1]
Russia laid the groundwork for annexation in the following months by introducing theRussian ruble as official currency and forcibly removing thehryvnia from circulation.[2] After holdingstaged referendums in September 2022,[3] Russia declared that it hadannexed Kherson Oblast on 30 September, including parts of the oblast that it did not control at the time and small occupied areas of neighboringMykolaiv Oblast.[a][4][5] TheUnited Nations condemned the annexations as violating international law.
In October 2022, asa Ukrainian counteroffensive approached the city of Kherson itself, the Russian administration's executive bodies evacuated from Kherson to the left bank of theDnieper River.[6] They set up a new administrative centre inHenichesk, in the far south of the Kherson region.[7] Throughout early November 2022, Russian forces fully withdrew from all the areas of Kherson and Mykolaiv regions on the right bank of the Dnieper, including the city of Kherson proper.[8][9] Ukrainian forcesentered the city of Kherson on 11 November. According to Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, the Kherson region remained a "subject of the Russian Federation" despite the withdrawal.
Movement of Russian military vehicles from Crimea to Kherson region 24 February 2022
During the 2014occupation of Crimea, Russian forces also occupied a gas distribution centre at the town ofStrilkove on theArabat spit in Kherson Oblast, from 15 March.[10][11] In December 2014, they left territories of Kherson, including the area of Strilkove, theAd peninsula [uk], and the village ofChonhar.[12]
Shortly afterKherson was captured, theRussian Ministry of Defence said talks between Russian forces and city administrators regarding the maintenance of order were underway. An agreement was reached in which theUkrainian flag would still be hoisted in the city while Russia established the new administration. MayorIhor Kolykhaiev announced new conditions for the city's residents: citizens could only go outside during daytime and were forbidden to gather in groups. Additionally, cars were only allowed to enter the city to supply food and medicine; these vehicles were to drive at minimum speeds and were subject to searches. Citizens were warned not to provoke Russian soldiers and obey any commands given.[20]
In the first days of the invasion, Russian forces established control over and unblocked theNorth Crimean Canal, effectively rescinding a longstanding water blockage imposed on Crimea by Ukraine after the 2014 Russian annexation of the peninsula.[21]
On 5 March, Kolykhaiev said that there was no armed resistance in the city and Russian troops were "quite settled". He requestedhumanitarian aid, stating that the city lacked power, water, and medicine.[22] Later that day, around 2,000 protesters marched in the city center. The protesters waved Ukrainian flags, sang thenational anthem, and chanted patriotic slogans. A video showed Russian soldiers firing into the air to dissuade the protestors. There were also claims that the Russian force had a list of Ukrainian activists in the city that they wanted to capture.[23] On 9 March, theGeneral Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces stated that Russia had detained more than 400 people in Kherson due to ongoing protests.[24]
On 12 March, Ukrainian officials said that Russia was planning to stage a referendum in Kherson to establish the Kherson People's Republic, similar to theDonetsk People's Republic and theLuhansk People's Republic.Serhiy Khlan [uk], deputy leader of theKherson Oblast Council, said that the Russian military had called all the members of the council and asked them to cooperate.[25]Lyudmyla Denisova,Ombudsman of Ukraine, stated that the referendum would be illegal because "under Ukrainian law any issues over territory can only be resolved by a nationwide referendum".[26] Later that day, the Kherson Oblast Council passed a resolution stating that the proposed referendum would be illegal.[27]
On 13 March,Ukrayinska Pravda, a Ukrainian newspaper, reported that several thousand people in Kherson took part in a protest.[28] Russian soldiers dispersed the protest with gunfire,stun grenades, andrubber bullets, injuring several people.[29][30] On the same day, the Russian occupation issued new laws inKakhovka,Nova Kakhovka andTavriisk preventing residents from gathering in groups, photographing the Russian military, and possessing weapons.[31] The mayor ofSkadovsk was briefly detained on 16 March.[32]
On 22 March, the Ukrainian government warned Kherson was facing a "humanitarian catastrophe" as the city was running out of food and medical supplies and accused Russia of blocking evacuation of civilians to Ukraine-controlled territory.[33][34] Russia countered by saying that its military helped deliver aid to the city's population.[35] A local journalist stated that there was only a staged event, in which former prisoners fromCrimea were brought in to act as locals welcoming the Russians and accepting their assistance.[36] According to several media outlets, residents report intrusive checkpoints, abductions, and Russian looting of shops.[37][38]
By 26 April, Russian troops took over Kherson City's administration headquarters and appointed a new mayor,[44] formerKGB agentOleksandr Kobets, and a new civilian-military regional administrator, ex-mayorVladimir Saldo.[45] The next day,Ukraine's Prosecutor General said that troops used tear gas and stun grenades to disperse a pro-Ukraine protest in the city centre.[44]
On 27 April, theLegislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia approved theexpropriation of grain from the Kherson region. Agricultural machinery from the occupied Kherson region was also transported to remote Russian lands, including Chechnya.[46]Lyudmila Denisova, theUkrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights, likened the plan to repeating theHolodomor, afamine inSoviet Ukraine in 1932–1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians.[47] The plan was eventually put into action on 30 May, according to Russia. Russian officials were also working on exporting sunflower seeds.[48] According to locals, Russian soldiers were being employed as strawberry pickers in Kherson Oblast.[49]
In an indication of an intended split from Ukraine, on 28 April the new military-civilian administration announced that from May it would switch the region's currency to theRussian ruble. Additionally, citing unnamed reports that alleged discrimination against Russian speakers, its deputy head,Kirill Stremousov said that "reintegrating the Kherson region back into a Nazi Ukraine is out of the question".[51] On 29 April, Saldo stated that the official languages of the Kherson Oblast would be both Ukrainian and Russian and that the International Settlements Bank fromSouth Ossetia would open 200 branches in Kherson Oblast soon.[52] On 1 May, a four-month plan was adopted for a full transition to rubles. At the same time, the Ukrainian hryvnia was to remain the current currency along with the ruble for four months.[53] On 7 May, a new coat of arms was adopted, based on the 1803 coat of arms ofKherson of theRussian Empire.[54][55][56]
On 11 May 2022, Kirill Stremousov announced his readiness to send PresidentVladimir Putin a request for Kherson Oblast to directly join the Russian Federation without any referendum or creation of an independent "Kherson People's Republic" prior to joining.[58] Commenting on these statements, Putin's press secretaryDmitry Peskov said that this issue should be decided by the inhabitants of the region and that "these fateful decisions must have an absolutely clear legal background, legal justification, be absolutely legitimate, as was the case with Crimea".[59]
On 30 May 2022, the Russian-backed occupation authority in Kherson said that it had started exporting last year's grain from Kherson to Russia. They would also be working on exporting sunflower seeds.[60] By June, the occupiers were switching Ukrainian schools to their educational curriculum and Russian SIM cards were on the market. Kolykhaiev witnessed the occupiers distributing Russian passports. A cafe frequented by the occupiers was bombed on 7 June and at least four people were injured.[61]
On 6 June, it was reported by the Ukrainian mayor of Kherson,Ihor Kolykhaiev, that the occupiers had conducted a meeting of more than 70 Russian sympathizers aimed at conducting a referendum on the region integrating the occupied areas into Russia. His sources told him that the dates discussed were two: in September or at the end of 2022.[61] As a Russian election was going to take place on 11 September, the Kherson vote would be scheduled to coincide with that day.[62] An elected official in Russia namedIgor Kastyukevich had discussed this plan on 7 June, following the visit to Kherson ofSergei Kiriyenko, the deputy chief of staff of the Russian presidential administration.[61][63]
Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy with soldiers who distinguished themselves during the liberation of KhersonKherson after shelling by the Russian army on 15 January 2023
On 3 June, the EU stated that it would not recognize any Russian passports issued to Ukrainian citizens in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.[64] On 11 June, according to local officials, the first Russian passports were handed out to citizens in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Region, including local officials such asVladimir Saldo.[65][66]
On 24 June, Dmytro Savluchenko, who led the Directorate for Family, Youth, and Sports of the Russian occupation administration, was killed by a car bomb.[67]
On 29 June 2022, Stremousov said that "The Kherson region will decide to join the Russian Federation and become a full-fledged subject as one unified state."[62] On the same visit, Kiriyenko spoke at theUnited Russia party's humanitarian aid center in Kherson: "The Kherson region's admission into Russia will be complete, similar to Crimea," recalling the2014 Crimean status referendum.[68] That same day, the Ukrainian mayor of Kherson,Ihor Kolykhaiev, was detained by Russian security forces.[69]
On 5 July, Volodymyr Saldo announced that the former deputy head of government in the Russian exclave ofKaliningrad Sergei Yeliseyev, a graduate of theFSB Academy, was to assume the presidency of the oblast.[70][71]
Annexation by Russia and Ukrainian recapture of Kherson City
Vladimir Putin celebrating the annexations with Russian-installed leaders of the occupied regions on 30 September 2022
On 10 July,Iryna Vereshchuk, the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine urged civilians in the Kherson region to evacuate ahead of a futureUkrainian counteroffensive.[72] On 27 July 2022 the surface of a section of theAntonivka Road Bridge was rendered unusable for heavy equipment,[73] byM142 HIMARS attacks.[74] The counteroffensive eventually was announced to have begun on 29 August 2022.[75] They regained territory and liberated villages in northern Kherson Oblast and southern Mykolaiv Oblast gradually throughout September.[76][77][78]
On 28 August 2022, the vice-president of the occupation administration (Kovalev) was found shot dead inside his own apartment inZaliznyi Port.[79] His wife was stabbed in the same attack and she died later in the hospital.[80]
On 30 September 2022, Russia declared it was annexing four Ukrainian oblasts, including Kherson Oblast. The annexation was unrecognized by theinternational community, with the exception ofNorth Korea andSyria.[81] TheUnited Nations General Assembly passed aresolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw."[82][83]
In early October 2022, the Russian defensive lines in the northern parts of the oblast collapsed, leading to more Ukrainian progress. Ukrainian officials said about 1,200 km2 of territory had been recaptured since late August.[84] Deputy head of theKherson Military-Civilian Administration Kirill Stremousov died in a car crash nearHenichesk on 9 November 2022.[7] On 11 November, Ukrainian forcestook back the city of Kherson.[85] Following the loss of Kherson in November 2022, the Russian occupation force moved its temporary administrative centre toHenichesk.[86] Kremlin spokesmanDmitry Peskov told reporters that the status of the Kherson region as a "subject of the Russian Federation" remained "unchanged" despite the withdrawal.[87]
After being reported missing by her husbandPavel Gubarev,[88] on 16 November 2022 Russian media reported thatEkaterina Gubareva, another deputy head of the administration, had been detained by the Russian police in relation to a corruption case involving embezzlement of public funds and suspended from her current position.[89] Pavel Gubarev later announced on 18 November that Gubareva had been released, without offering further details.[90]
Flooding in Kherson Oblast downstream of the Kakhovka Dam
In June 2023, theKakhovka Dam, which was under the control of Russia, wasbreached, flooding vast swathes of land along theDnieper river.[91] Many experts have concluded that Russian forces likely blew up a segment of the dam.[92][93]
The consequences of the destruction of the dam are expected to become a long-term environmental disaster.[94] According to a regional official, the death toll due to flooding had reached 29 in Russian-occupied portions of the oblast as of June 17.[95] On 18 June, the United Nations condemned Russia for refusing to allow humanitarian access to the occupied flood-affected areas, with the UN humanitarian coordinator for UkraineDenise Brown saying "We urge the Russian authorities to act in accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law."[96][97] Russian authorities said that their decision was motivated by unspecified "security concerns".[96]
Government
Composition
The governor and the prime minister are in charge of the administration, including (as of August 2025) :[98]
On 5 August 2022, the occupation administration switched to using the old pre-2020 reform divisions of Kherson Oblast established in the USSR, with 18 districts rather than the modern five.[100][101]
On 21 July 2022, it was reported that a then-recent Russian decree had extendedRussian 2022 war censorship laws to the Kherson oblast, with deportation to Russia included as a punishment for infringement.[111]
A few weeks after taking over Kherson city, Russian soldiers seized the offices of localinternet service providers and took control of the networks, rerouting data through Russian networks. Under the occupation regime, the social media sitesFacebook,Instagram andTwitter were blocked, as well as Ukrainian and other news websites.[112]
As the2022 Kherson counteroffensive liberated much of northern Kherson Oblast, Ukrainian investigation teams uncovered "widespread evidence" of sexual abuse by Russian occupation forces against the population of the region.[113] By 3 November 2022, Ukrainian investigators had documented six alleged cases of sexual assault in newly liberated regions.[114]
Torture and abduction of civilians by Russian forces
Dementiy Bilyi, head of the Kherson regional department of the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, said that the Russian security forces were "beating, torturing, and kidnapping" civilians in theKherson Oblast of Ukraine. He added that eyewitnesses had described "dozens" of arbitrary searches and detentions, resulting in an unknown number of abducted persons.[115] At least 400 residents had gone missing by 16 March, with the mayor and deputy mayor of the town ofSkadovsk being allegedly abducted by armed men.[116] An allegedly leaked letter described Russian plans to unleash a "great terror" to suppress protests occurring in Kherson, stating that people would "have to be taken from their homes in the middle of the night".[117]
Ukrainians who escaped from occupied Kherson into Ukrainian-controlled territory provided testimonies of torture, abuse and kidnapping by Russian forces in the region. One person, from Bilozerka in Kherson Oblast, provided physical evidence of being tortured by Russians and described beatings, electrocutions, mock executions, strangulations, threats to kill family members and other forms of torture.[118]
An investigation byBBC News gathered evidence of torture, which in addition to beatings also included electrocution and burns on people's hands and feet. A doctor who treated victims of torture in the region reported: "Some of the worst were burn marks on genitals, a gunshot wound to the head of a girl who was raped and burns from an iron on a patient's back and stomach. A patient told me two wires from a car battery were attached to his groin and he was told to stand on a wet rag". In addition to the BBC,Human Rights Watch and theUnited Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine have reported on torture anddisappearances carried out by Russian occupation forces in the region. One resident stated: "In Kherson, now people go missing all the time (...) there is a war going on, only this part is without bombs."[119]
Kherson's elected Ukrainian mayor compiled a list of more than 300 people who had been kidnapped by Russian forces as of 15 May 2022. According toThe Times, in the building housing the Russian occupation authorities, the screams of the tortured can be frequently heard throughout the corridors.[120]
According toThe Washington Post, by 15 April 824 graves had been dug at Kherson's cemetery.[121]
On 22 July 2022,Human Rights Watch reported that Russian forces had tortured, unlawfully detained, and forcibly disappeared civilians in the occupied areas ofKherson andZaporizhzhia regions. The purpose of the abuse seemed to be to obtain information and to instil fear so that people would accept the occupation, as Russia seeks to assert sovereignty over occupied territory in violation of international law.[122]
On 5 March, residents ofKherson went to a rally with Ukrainian flags and chanted that the city was still Ukrainian and would never be Russian, despite Russian occupation. The Russian military opened warning fire against the protesters. At the same time, theNational Police of Ukraine published a video where a Kherson police officer, holding a Ukrainian flag in his hands, jumped onto a Russian armored personnel carrier that was driving past the rally, and local residents supported his action with shouts and applause.[123]
On 7 March, the Kherson Regional Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, on the basis of Part 2 of Article 438 of theCriminal Code of Ukraine (violation of the laws and customs of war, associated with premeditated murder), opened a criminal case into the death of several protesters inNova Kakhovka. According to the investigation, during a rally on 6 March, the Russian military opened fire on protesters indiscriminately "despite the fact that people were unarmed and did not pose any threat," resulting in at least one death and seven injuries.[124]
On 20 March, protesters in Kherson confronted several Russian military vehicles and told them to "go home".[125] New rallies against the occupation happened on 11 and 27 April, both of which were violently dispersed by Russian occupation forces and separatist militias, killing four people in the process.[126] TheWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars reports that medical workers in Kherson refused to go to work, in order to boycott Russian occupation forces and not treat their injured.[127]
Guided by contacts in Ukrainian security services, many ordinary citizens in Kherson City formed "a grass-roots resistance movement", becoming anti-occupation partisans.[130] They secretly took videos of Russian forces and sent them to the Ukrainian army along with corresponding coordinates, circulated weaponry throughout the city, and even killed Russian soldiers at night, creating an atmosphere of "fear and paranoia" among the occupation forces.[130]
On 20 April 2022, regional media from Odesa reported that pro-Russian blogger Valery Kuleshov had been killed by Ukrainian partisans in Kherson.[131]
On 6 August, deputy head of the Russian administration in Nova Kakhovka, Vitaly Gura, was shot dead in his home.[132] In September 2022, information emerged that Gura's assassination had been faked by the FSB.[133]
People's Deputy of UkraineOleksii Kovalov, who had been accused by Ukrainian authorities of collaborating with Russian forces since early July by taking the position of deputy head of the Russian-installed Kherson Oblast government,[134] was shot dead in his own home on 29 August 2022.[135][134]
^"Nova Kakhovka has fallen to Russia: Ukraine media".The Business standard. 27 February 2022.Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved28 February 2022.Its mayor Volodymyr Kovalenko has reportedly said that Russian troops have seized the city's executive committee and removed all Ukrainian flags from buildings
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 December 2023)."Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 4, 2023".Critical Threats.Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved5 December 2023.Geolocated footage published on November 30, December 1, and December 3 shows Ukrainian forces engaging Russian forces in the settlement of Bilohrudove (11km southwest of Kherson City) indicating that Russian forces likely control most of Bilodrudnyi Island and that Ukrainian forces have recently established positions near Bilohrudove.
^abHird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Lawlor, Katherine; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick (4 October 2022)."Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 4". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved5 October 2022.
^"Nova Kakhovka has fallen to Russia: Ukraine media".The Business standard. 27 February 2022.Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved28 February 2022.Its mayor Volodymyr Kovalenko has reportedly said that Russian troops have seized the city's executive committee and removed all Ukrainian flags from buildings
^Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (6 April 2022)."Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 6". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved6 April 2022.Russian forces completely vacated Sumy Oblast.