Russell indexes are a family of globalstock market indices fromFTSE Russell that allow investors to track the performance of distinctmarket segments worldwide. Many investors usemutual funds orexchange-traded funds based on the FTSE Russell Indexes as a way of gaining exposure to certain portions of the U.S.stock market. Additionally, many investment managers use the Russell Indexes asbenchmarks to measure their own performance. Russell's index design has led to more assets benchmarked to its U.S. index family than all other U.S. equity indexes combined.[citation needed]
The best-known index of the series is theRussell 2000, which tracks USsmall-cap stocks and is made up of the bottom 2,000 stocks in theRussell 3000 index.
Seattle, Washington-based Russell's index began in 1984 when the firm launched its family of U.S. indices to measure U.S. market segments and hence better track the performance of investment managers. The resulting methodology produced the broad-marketRussell 3000 Index and sub-components such as the small-capRussell 2000 Index. Using a rules-based and transparent process, Russell forms its indexes by listing all companies in descending order bymarket capitalization adjusted forfloat, which is the actual number of shares available for trading. In the United States, the top 3,000 stocks (those of the 3,000 largest companies) make up the broad-market Russell 3000 Index. The top 1,000 of those companies make up the large-cap Russell 1000 Index, and the bottom 2,000 (the smallest companies) make up the small-cap Russell 2000 Index.
The Russell indexes are objectively constructed based on transparent rules. The broadest U.S. Russell Index is the Russell 3000E Index which contains the 4,000 largest (bymarket capitalization) companies incorporated in the U.S., plus (beginning with the 2007 reconstitution) companies incorporated in an offshore financial center that have their headquarters in the U.S.; a so-called "benefits-driven incorporation". If 4,000 eligible securities do not exist in the U.S. market, the entire eligible set is included. Each Russell Index is a subset of the Russell 3000E Index and broken down by market capitalization and style. The members of the Russell 3000E Index and its subsets are determined each year during annual reconstitution and enhanced quarterly with the addition ofinitial public offerings (IPOs). The Russell 3000E Index represents approximately 99 percent of the U.S. equity market. Russell excludes stocks trading below $1, stocks that trade on thepink sheets andOTC Bulletin Board, closed-end mutual funds, limited partnerships,royalty trusts, non-U.S. incorporated stocks (other than the benefits driven incorporations described above), foreign stocks, andAmerican Depositary Receipts (ADRs).
Russell rebalances its indexes once each year in June, called "reconstitution". The reconstitution consists of updating the global list of investable stocks and assigning them to the appropriate indices. The Russell indexes do not immediately replace a company that merges with another firm or has its stockdelisted. However, Russell addsinitial public offerings (IPOs) on a quarterly basis, capturing these stocks in a systematic way.
Abnormal trading volumes caused byindex fund managers re-balancing their portfolios has a history of significantmarket impact during the last few seconds before theNew York Stock Exchange andNASDAQ closing prices are determined.[1]
The index rebalance is typically scheduled for the closing price on the last Friday in June.[2]
In addition to the primary indices listed below, Russell publishes Value and Growth versions of each U.S. index. This divides each index roughly in half, separating companies classified as value stocks from those classified as growth stocks. Companies can appear in both the value and growth versions of an index, though the total number of shares between the value and growth versions will equal the number in the main index. The primary indices are:
Russell/Nomura equity indices forJapan (calculated withNomura Securities Co., Ltd.) offer broad market or style benchmarks for investors in that country. These pioneering, comprehensive, equity style indices offer free-float adjustment in the Japanese market.