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There is some evidence[citation needed] that, in addition to being awriting system,runes historically served purposes ofmagic. This is the case from the earliest epigraphic evidence of theRoman to theGermanic Iron Age, with non-linguistic inscriptions and thealu word. Anerilaz appears to have been a person versed in runes, including their magic applications.
In medieval sources, notably thePoetic Edda, theSigrdrífumál mentions "victory runes" to be carved on asword, "some on the grasp and some on the inlay, and nameTyr twice."
In theearly modern period andmodern history, relatedfolklore andsuperstition is recorded in the form of theIcelandic magical staves. In the early 20th century,Germanic mysticism coined new forms of "runic magic", some of which were continued or developed further by contemporary adherents ofGermanic Neopaganism. Modern systems ofrunic divination are based onHermeticism, classicaloccultism, and theI Ching.
Historically it is known that theGermanic peoples used various forms of divination and means of reading omens.Tacitus (Germania 10) gives a detailed account (98AD):
- They attach the highest importance to the taking of auspices and casting lots. Their usual procedure with the lot is simple. They cut off a branch from a nut-bearing tree and slice it into strips these they mark with different signs and throw them at random onto a white cloth. Then the state's priest, if it is an official consultation, or the father of the family, in a private one, offers prayer to the gods and looking up towards heaven picks up three strips, one at a time, and, according to which sign they have previously been marked with, makes his interpretation. If the lots forbid an undertaking, there is no deliberation that day about the matter in question. If they allow it, further confirmation is required by takingauspices.[1]
It is often debated whether "signs" refers specifically to runes or to other marks; both interpretations are plausible and Tacitus does not give enough detail for a definite decision to be made.[2]
TheAnsuz andTiwaz runes in particular seem to have had magical significance in the early (Elder Futhark) period.[citation needed] TheSigrdrífumál instruction of "name Tyr twice" is reminiscent of the double or triple "stacked Tyr"bindrunes found e.g. onSeeland-II-C or theLindholm amulet in theaaaaaaaazzznnn-b- muttt, sequence, which besides stacked Tyr involves multiple repetition of Ansuz, but also triple occurrence ofAlgiz andNaudiz.
Many inscriptions also have apparently meaningless utterances interpreted as magical chants, such astuwatuwa (Vadstena bracteate),aaduaaaliia (DR BR42) org͡æg͡og͡æ (Undley bracteate),g͡ag͡ag͡a (Kragehul I).
Alu is a charm word appearing on numerous artifacts found in Central and Northern Europe dating from theGermanic Iron Age. The word is the most common of the early runic charm words and can appear either alone or as part of an apparent formula. The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute, though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word either represents amulet magic or is a metaphor (ormetonym) for it.[4]
A fewViking Agerings with runic inscriptions of apparently magical nature were found, among them theKingmoor Ring. The phrase "runes of power" is found on tworunestones in Sweden,DR 357 from Stentoften andDR 360 from Björketorp. Runestones with curses includeDR 81 in Skjern,DR 83 in Sønder Vinge,DR 209 in Glavendrup,DR 230 from Tryggevælde,DR 338 in Glemminge, andVg 67 in Saleby.[5]
The most prolific source for runic magic in thePoetic Edda is theSigrdrífumál, where the valkyrie Sigrdrífa (Brynhild) presentsSigurd with amemory-draught of ale that had been charmed with "gladness runes" (stanza 5),
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She goes on to give advice on the magical runes in seven further stanzas. In all instances, the runes are used for actualmagic (apotropaic or ability-enhancing spells) rather than for divination:
The Poetic Edda also seems to corroborate the magical significance of the runes theHávamál whereOdin mentions runes in contexts of divination,[dubious –discuss] of healing and of necromancy (trans. Bellows):
Other oft cited sources for the practice of runic[dubious –discuss] divination are chapter 38 ofSnorri Sturluson'sYnglinga Saga, whereGranmar, the king ofSödermanland, travels to theTemple at Uppsala for the seasonalblót. "There, the chips fell in a way that said that he would not live long" (Féll honum þá svo spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa).[10]
Another source is in theVita Ansgari, the biography ofAnsgar theArchbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, which was written by a monk namedRimbert. Rimbert details the custom ofcasting lots by the pagan Norse (chapters 26–30).[11] The chips and the lots, however, can be explained respectively as ablótspánn (sacrificial chip) and ahlauttein (lot-twig), which according to Foote and Wilson[12] would be "marked, possibly with sacrificial blood, shaken and thrown down like dice, and their positive or negative significance then decided."
Egils Saga features several incidents of runic magic. The most celebrated is the scene where Egil discovers (and destroys) a poisoned drink prepared for him, by cutting his hand and cutting runes on the drinking horn, and painting the runes with blood. While the motif of blood painted runes also appears in other examples of early Norse literature it is uncertain whether the practice of painting runes with blood is merely a literary invention or whether it had precedence in magical practice.[13]
In the 17th century,Hermeticist andRosicrucianJohannes Bureus, having been inspired by visions, developed a Runic system based on theKaballah and the Futhark which he called theAdulruna.[14]
TheArmanen runes "revealed" toGuido von List in 1902 were employed for magical purposes inGermanic mysticism by authors such asFriedrich Bernhard Marby andSiegfried Adolf Kummer, and afterWorld War II in a reformed "pansophical" system byKarl Spiesberger. More recently,Stephen Flowers,Adolf Schleipfer,Larry E. Camp and others also build on List's system.[citation needed]
Several modern systems of runic magic and runic divination were published from the 1980s onward. The first book on runic divination, written by Ralph Blum in 1982, led to the development of sets of runes designed for use in several such systems offortune telling, in which the runes are typically incised in clay, stone tiles, crystals, resin, glass, or polished stones, then either selected one-by-one from a closed bag or thrown down at random for reading.
Later authors such asDiana L. Paxson andFreya Aswynn follow Blum (1989) in drawing a direct correlation between runic divination andtarot divination. They may discuss runes in the context of "spreads" and advocate the usage of "rune cards".
Modern authors like Ralph Blum sometimes include a "blank rune" in their sets. Some were to replace a lost rune, but according to Ralph Blum this was the godOdin's rune, the rune of the beginning and the end, representing "the divine in all human transactions".[15]
In 1982, a modern usage of the runes for answering life's questions was apparently originated byRalph Blum in hisdivination bookThe Book of Runes: A Handbook for the Use of an Ancient Oracle, which was marketed with a small bag of round tiles with runes stamped on them. This book has remained in print since its first publication. The sources for Blum's divinatory interpretations, as he explained inThe Book of Runes itself, drew heavily on then-current books describing the ancientI Ching divination system of China.
Each of Blum's seven books on runic divination deals with a specialized area of life or a varied technique for reading runes:
Blum has also written books on theTao Te Ching,ZenBuddhism, andUFOs.
In the wake of a 1984 dissertation on "Runes and Magic",Stephen Flowers published a series of books under the pen-name "Edred Thorsson" which detailed his own original method of runic divination and magic, "odianism",[16] which he said was loosely based on historical sources and modern Europeanhermeticism. These books were:
Runic divination is a component of Flowers' "esoteric runology" course offered to members of his Rune-Gild, as detailed inThe Nine Doors of Midgard: A Curriculum of Rune-Work.Besides runic divination, Flowers also advocated the "runic gymnastics" (Runengymnastik) developed in the 1920s byFriedrich Marby, under the name of "Rune-Yoga" (also "Runic Yoga", "Stadhagaldr").[18]
In 1990,Stephan Grundy, a.k.a. Kveldulf Gundarsson, described runic magic as the active principle as opposed to passive interpretations based on runic divination. He held that runic magic is more active than the allegedlyshamanic practice ofseid practiced by theSeiðkona. Runic magic, he states, uses the runes to affect the world outside based on thearchetypes they represent.[19]
Most of Gundarsson's runic magic entails being in possession of a physical entity that is engraved with any or all of the individual runes or "staves", so as to practically work with their energies. The individual runes are reddened with either blood, dyes, or paints. The act of possessing the stave in its final form serves the purpose of affecting the world of form with "the rune might" of that particular stave. After use, the staves are discarded or destroyed.[20]
Gundarsson holds that each rune has a certain sound to it, to be chanted or sung; the sound has in common the phonetic value by which it is represented.[21] This act of singing or chanting is supposed to have more or less the same effect of using the staves in their physical form.[22]
