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Rumelia Eyalet

Coordinates:41°1′N21°20′E / 41.017°N 21.333°E /41.017; 21.333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1365–1867 Ottoman province in the Balkans
Eyalet of Rumelia
Eyalet-i Rumeli
1365–1867
Flag of Rumeli Eyalet
Flag
The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
StatusEyalet of the Ottoman Empire
CapitalEdirne (1362–1530)
Sofia (1530–1836)
Monastir (1836–1867)
41°1′N21°20′E / 41.017°N 21.333°E /41.017; 21.333
History 
• Established
1365
• Disestablished
1867
Area
1844[1]124,630 km2 (48,120 sq mi)
Population
• 1844[1]
2,700,000
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Byzantine Empire
Despotate of the Morea
Second Bulgarian Empire
Despotate of Serbia
Despotate of Dobruja
Lordship of Prilep
Gazaria (Genoese colonies)
Principality of Theodoro
Kingdom of Bosnia
League of Lezhë
Venetian Albania
Latinokratia
Kingdom of Hungary
Eyalet of the Archipelago
Kefe Eyalet
Bosnia Eyalet
Ioannina Eyalet
Principality of Serbia
Salonica Eyalet
Adrianople Eyalet
Silistra Eyalet
Niš Eyalet
Vidin Eyalet
Habsburg Monarchy

TheEyalet of Rumeli, orEyalet ofRumelia (Ottoman Turkish:ایالت روم ایلی,romanized: Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli),[2] known as theBeylerbeylik of Rumeli until 1591,[3] was a first-level province (beylerbeylik oreyalet) of theOttoman Empire encompassing most of theBalkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history, it was the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such asEdirne, Yanina (Ioannina),Sofia, Filibe (Plovdiv), Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selânik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets, lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.

The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne),Sofia, and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in an 1862 almanac was 48,119 square miles (124,630 km2).[4]

History

[edit]

Initially termedbeylerbeylik or genericallyvilayet ("province") of Rumeli, only after 1591 was the termeyalet used.[3]

The firstbeylerbey ofRumelia wasLala Shahin Pasha, who was awarded the title by SultanMurad I as a reward for hiscapture of Adrianople (Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned toAnatolia.[3][5][6] Also,Silistra Eyalet was formed in 1593.

From its foundation, the province of Rumelia encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubian conquests likeAkkerman, until the creation of furthereyalets in the 16th century, beginning with theArchipelago (1533),Budin (1541) andBosnia (1580).[5][6]

The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until theFall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed bySofia for a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia once more became the seat of thebeylerbey.[6] At the time, thebeylerbey of Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of thetimariotsipahi cavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of theImperial Council (divan). For the same reason, powerfulGrand Viziers likeMahmud Pasha Angelovic orPargalı Ibrahim Pasha held thebeylerbeylik in tandem with the grand vizierate.[5]

In the 18th century,Monastir emerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of theeyalet. At about the same time, theTanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the neweyalets ofÜsküb,Yanya andSelanik and reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rumpeyalet survived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniformvilayet system, it became part of theSalonica Vilayet.[5][7][8]

Eastern Rumelia became a new Ottoman province in 1878 (formally until 1908 but united to thePrincipality of Bulgaria since 1885).

Governors

[edit]

The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumelibeylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumelivali).

GovernorReignNotes
Lala Shahin Pashathe firstbeylerbey of Rumelia, thelala (tutor) ofMurad I.[9][better source needed]
Timurtaş Beyfl. 1385
Süleyman Çelebibefore 1411son of Bayezid I[10]
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey1411Son ofKöse Mihal, the advisor ofOsman I.
Mustafa Bey1421[11]
Hadım Şehabeddin1439–42[12]Devshirme
Kasım Pasha1443[13]
Ömer Beyfl. 1453[14]
Turahan Beybefore 1456Son ofPasha Yiğit Bey.
Mahmud Pashabefore 1456Angelos family,Devshirme.
Ahmedafter 1456[citation needed]
Hass Murad Pashac. 1469–1473Palaiologos dynasty,devshirme.
Hadım Süleyman Pashac. 1475[15]Eunuch.
Koca Davud Pashac. 1478[16]Devshirme.
Sinan Pashac. 1481[17]
Mesih Pashaafter 1481[18]
Hasan Pashafl. 1514[19]
Hadım Sinan Pashafl. 1515Previouslybeylerbey of Anatolia.
Ahmed Pasha1519-[20]-fl. 1521[21]-?
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha[22]1523-?
Güzelce Kasım Pashac. 1527[23]
Khusrow PashaJune 1538[24]–?
Kara Ahmed Pashafl. 1543[25]FormerAgha of the Janissaries, married daughter of SultanSelim I.
Ali Pashafl. 1546[26]
Sokollu Mehmed Pashafl. 1551[27]Devshirme who rose through military distinction.
Şemsi Ahmed Pasha1564 – 1569[28]Candar dynasty member who grew up in Topkapı and served Suleiman.
Doğancı Mehmed Pasha[29]
Osman Yeğen Pasha1687[30]Sekban commander who was elevated byMehmed IV through threats of rebellion.
Sari Ahmed Pasha1714[31]–1715[32]
Topal Osman Pasha1721–27, 1729–30, 1731[33]Kapıcıbaşı who rose further due to military distinction.
Hadji Mustafa Pashasummer of 1797[34]–?Appointed to deal withOsman Pazvantoglu, but failed and was dismissed.
Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha[35]
Hakki Pashafl. August 1801[36]
Ali Pasha28 January 1803[37]–1804Powerful Pasha in Ioannina.
Veli Pasha1804–[38]Son of Ali Pasha.
Hurshid Pashafl. 1808[39]
Marashli Ali Pashafl. 1815
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha1836–March 1840
Mehmed Dilaver PashaMay–July 1840
Yusuf Muhlis Pasha SerezliJuly 1840–February 1842
Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade
Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi
Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Mehmed Emin Pasha
Asaf Pasha
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term)
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud
Ahmed Nazır Paşa
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade

Administrative divisions

[edit]

1475

[edit]

A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinatesanjakbeys, who controlled sub-provinces orsanjaks, which also functioned as military commands:[5]

  1. Constantinople
  2. Gallipoli
  3. Edirne
  4. Nikebolu/Nigbolu
  5. Vidin
  6. Sofia
  7. Serbia (Laz-ili)
  8. Serbia (Despot-ili)
  9. Vardar (under theEvrenosoğullari)
  10. Üsküb
  11. Arnavut-ili (under Iskender Bey, i.e.Skanderbeg)
  12. Arnavut-ili (under theArianiti family)
  13. Bosnia
  14. Bosnia (underStephen)
  15. Arta,Zituni andAthens
  16. Morea
  17. Monastir

1520s

[edit]

Another list, dating to the early reign ofSuleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), lists thesanjakbeys of that period, in approximate order of importance.:[5]

  1. Bey of thePasha-sanjak
  2. Bosnia
  3. Morea
  4. Semendire
  5. Vidin
  6. Hersek
  7. Silistre
  8. Ohri
  9. Avlonya
  10. Iskenderiyye
  11. Yanya
  12. Gelibolu
  13. Köstendil
  14. Nikebolu
  15. Sofia
  16. Inebahti
  17. Tirhala
  18. Alaca Hișar
  19. Vulcetrin
  20. Kefe
  21. Prizren
  22. Karli-eli
  23. Ağriboz
  24. Çirmen
  25. Vize
  26. Izvornik
  27. Florina
  28. Elbasan
  29. Sanjakbey of theÇingene ("Gypsies")
  30. Midilli
  31. Karadağ (Montenegro)
  32. Sanjakbey of theMüselleman-i Kirk Kilise ("Muslims ofKirk Kilise")
  33. Sanjakbey of theVoynuks

TheÇingene,Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise and Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely asanjakbey appointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them.[5] ThePasha-sanjak in this period comprised a wide area in westernMacedonia, including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).[5]

A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the samesanjaks, except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).[5]

1538

[edit]

In 1538 there are listed 29 liva (sanjaks) during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I.[40]

  1. Sofya (Pasha Sanjak of Rumelia)
  2. Ağrıboz
  3. Alacahisar
  4. Avlonya
  5. Bosna
  6. Çirmen
  7. Gelibolu
  8. Hersek
  9. İlbasan
  10. İskenderiye
  11. İzvornik
  12. Karlıili
  13. Kefe
  14. Köstendil
  15. Mora
  16. Niğbolu
  17. Ohri
  18. Prizrin
  19. Rodos
  20. Semendire
  21. Silistre
  22. Tırhala
  23. Vidin
  24. Vize
  25. Vulçıtrın
  26. Yanya
  27. Müselleman-ı Kızılca
  28. Müselleman-ı Çingane
  29. Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire

1644

[edit]

Furthersanjaks were removed with the progressive creation of neweyalets, and an official register fromc. 1644 records only fifteensanjaks for the Rumelia Eyalet:[5]

  1. Köstendil
  2. Tirhala
  3. Prizren
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvine
  6. Vulcetrin
  7. Üskub
  8. Elbasan
  9. Avlonya
  10. Dukagin
  11. Iskenderiyye
  12. Ohri
  13. Alaca Hișar
  14. Selanik
  15. Voynuks

1700/1730

[edit]
The Rumelia Eyalet in 1795

The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700–1730 was as follows:[41]

  1. Pasha-sanjak, aroundManastir
  2. Köstendil
  3. Tirhala
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvina
  6. Elbasan
  7. Iskenderiyye
  8. Avlonya
  9. Ohri
  10. Alaca Hisar
  11. Selanik
  12. Dukagin
  13. Prizren
  14. Üsküb
  15. Vulçıtrin
  16. Voynuks
  17. Çingene
  18. Yoruks

Early 19th century

[edit]

Sanjaks in the early 19th century:[42]

  1. Manastir
  2. Selanik
  3. Tirhala
  4. Iskenderiyye
  5. Ohri
  6. Avlonya
  7. Köstendil
  8. Elbasan
  9. Prizren
  10. Dukagin
  11. Üsküb
  12. Delvina
  13. Vulcetrin
  14. Kavala
  15. Alaca Hișar
  16. Yanya
  17. Smederevo

Mid-19th century

[edit]
The reduced eyalet in the 1850s

According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also thesanjaks of Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria).[5] In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised thesanjaks of Iskenderiyye, with 7kazas or sub-provinces, Ohri with 8kazas, Kesrye with 8kazas and thepasha-sanjak of Manastir with 11kazas.[43]

References

[edit]
  1. ^The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19. 1859. p. 464.
  2. ^"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". Geonames.de. Retrieved25 February 2013.
  3. ^abcİnalcık, Halil (1965)."Eyālet". InLewis, B.;Pellat, Ch. &Schacht, J. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724.OCLC 495469475.
  4. ^The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6, p. 698, atGoogle Books
  5. ^abcdefghijkİnalcik, Halil (1995)."Rūmeli". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Heinrichs, W. P. &Lecomte, G. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611.ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
  6. ^abcBirken, Andreas (1976).Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50.ISBN 9783920153568.
  7. ^Ursinus, M. (1991)."Manāstir". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 371–372.ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
  8. ^Birken, Andreas (1976).Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. pp. 50, 52.ISBN 9783920153568.
  9. ^Smailagic, Nerkez (1990),Leksikon Islama, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, p. 514,ISBN 978-86-01-01813-6,OCLC 25241734,Sjedište beglerbega Rumelije ...prvi namjesnik, Lala Šahin-paša,...
  10. ^Kenneth M. Setton; Harry W. Hazard; Norman P. Zacour (1 June 1990).A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 699–.ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
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  15. ^Ágoston & Masters 2009, p. 25.
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  18. ^Heath W. Lowry (1 February 2012).Nature of the Early Ottoman State, The. SUNY Press. pp. 66–.ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6.
  19. ^Fatih Akçe (22 December 2015).The Conqueror of the East Sultan Selim I. Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret. pp. 48–.ISBN 978-1-68206-504-4.
  20. ^islam ansiklopedisi
  21. ^Stephen Turnbull (6 June 2014).The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 41–.ISBN 978-1-4728-1026-7.
  22. ^Lucette Valensi; Arthur Denner (1 December 2008).The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–.ISBN 978-0-8014-7543-6.
  23. ^Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey (2008).Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth Anniversary Special Volume. BRILL. pp. 98–.ISBN 978-90-04-17327-9.
  24. ^Sir H. A. R. Gibb (1954).The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive. pp. 35–. GGKEY:1FSD5PNQ2DE.
  25. ^Crane (1999-11-23).The Garden of the Mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayî's Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. BRILL. p. 130.ISBN 978-90-04-49208-0.
  26. ^Stephen Ortega (22 April 2016).Negotiating Transcultural Relations in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Ottoman-Venetian Encounters. Taylor & Francis. pp. 121–.ISBN 978-1-317-08919-3.
  27. ^Setton 1984, p. 574.
  28. ^Afyoncu, Erhan (2010). "ŞEMSİ AHMED PAŞA".Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 38. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 527–529.
  29. ^Ágoston & Masters 2009, p. 153.
  30. ^Halil İnalcık; Donald Quataert (1997-04-28).An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 419.ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6. Retrieved2013-06-07.
  31. ^Novak, Viktor, ed. (1971).Istoriski časopis, Volumes 18-19. Srpska akademija nauka. Istoriski institut. p. 312.
  32. ^Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991).Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. pp. 430–.ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.
  33. ^Mantran, R. (2000). "Ṭopal ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a, 1. Grand Vizier (1663-1733)".The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume X: T–U. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 564–565.ISBN 90-04-11211-1.
  34. ^Ćorović 2001
  35. ^Robert W. Zens (2004).The Ayanlik and Pasvanoğlu Osman Paşa of Vidin in the age of Ottoman social change, 1791-1815. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 96.
  36. ^Šabanović, Hazim; Srbije, Istorisko društvo NR (1956).Turski izvori o srpskoj revoluciji 1804. Istorisko društvo Narodne Republike Srbije. pp. 130–136.
  37. ^Russell, Quentin; Russell, Eugenia (30 September 2017).Ali Pasha, Lion of Ioannina: The Remarkable Life of the Balkan Napoleon. Pen and Sword. p. 176.ISBN 978-1-4738-7722-1.
  38. ^Michalis N. Michael; Matthias Kappler; Eftihios Gavriel (2009).Archivum Ottomanicum. Mouton. p. 175.ISBN 9783447057530. Retrieved25 July 2013.
  39. ^Ali Yaycioglu (4 May 2016).Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Stanford University Press. pp. 220–.ISBN 978-0-8047-9612-5.
  40. ^Osmanlı Yer Adları I: Rumeli Eyaleti (1514-1550). Ankara: Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı. 2013. pp. 17–32.
  41. ^Orhan Kılıç, XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eyalet ve Sancak Teşkilatlanması,Osmanlı, Cilt 6: Teşkilât, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 1999,ISBN 975-6782-09-9, p. 91.(in Turkish)
  42. ^The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ..., Volume 25, p. 393, atGoogle Books — byGeorge Long,Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
  43. ^Viquesnel, Auguste (1868).Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description physique et géologique de la Thrace (in French). Vol. Tome Premier. Paris: Arthus Betrand. pp. 107,114–115.

Bibliography

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