Kingdom of Marwar Jodhpur State | |
|---|---|
| |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
.svg) The Kingdom of Marwar at its greatest extentc.. 1539, underMaldeo Rathore | |
| Status |
|
| Capital | |
| Common languages | Marwari |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Maharaja | |
• 1226–1273 | Rao Siha(first) |
• 1947–1949 | Hanwant Singh(last) |
| History | |
• Establishment | 1226 |
• Annexed by theMughal Empire | 1581 |
• Restored as avassal state | 1583 |
• Acceded to theIndian Union | 1818 |
| Area | |
| 1947 | 93,424 km2 (36,071 sq mi) |
| Today part of | Rajasthan,Republic of India |
Kingdom of Marwar, also known asJodhpur State during the modern era, was a kingdom in theMarwar region from 1243 to 1818 and a princely state under British rule from 1818 to 1947. It was established in Pali byRao Siha, possibly a migrantGahadavala noble, in 1243. His successors continued to struggle against regional powers for domination and 9 out of 15 rulers till 1438 died in combat. In 1395, its capital was changed toMandore by RaoChunda of Mandore and toJodhpur in 1459 byRao Jodha.
Marwar struggled and resisted against theMughals under the rule ofRao Ganga andMaldeo Rathore who is known to be one of the greatest warriors of the time. The kingdom remained independent until it was annexed by theMughal Empire in 1581 after the death ofChandrasen Rathore. It remained under direct Mughal control untilUdai Singh was restored to the throne as a vassal and given the title of Raja in 1583. During the late 17th century it was under the strict control of the Mughal EmperorAurangzeb, but the ruling house of Rathore was allowed to remain semi-autonomous in their territory.
Marwar came into a long period of dispute and war with the Mughals whenRaja Jaswant Singh died in 1678 and was supposed to be succeeded by his posthumous-born sonAjit Singh but Ajit was not appointed the ruler by Aurangzeb. During this timeDurgadas Rathore struggled to preserve the Rathore dynasty and freed Marwar from the Mughal Empire after 31 years of war. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries the kingdom was overrun by theMaratha hordes ofScindia andHolkar. Marwar was financially bankrupt due to heavy tributes exacted by the Marathas and its once renowned army had now thinned down because of internal wars and rebellions by its nobles, forcing its rulers to ask the British for aid.
TheBritish had no role in the state's affairs until 6 January 1818, when the Raja at that time,Man Singh, entered into asubsidiary alliance, after which the Rajas of Marwar (or Jodhpur) continued as rulers of a princely state. During theIndian Rebellion of 1857, the Rajput Nobles under ThakurKushal Singh of Auwa led a rebellion against MaharajaTakht Singh and the British, however the rebellion was put to an end by the British armies under Colonel Holmes after a siege of the Thakur's fort inAuwa.[4] The armies of Jodhpur State fought in World War I for the British. They actively fought in Afghanistan and the Middle-east and scored a series of victories for the British empire. The Jodhpur lancers with the support of the Mysore lancers defeated a large host of Turks and Germans in theBattle of Haifa (1918). Some of the other battles they participated in were the battles ofSuez,Gaza,Jordan Valley,Abu Tellul andMegiddo.
FollowingIndian independence in 1947 MaharajaHanwant Singh, the last ruler of Jodhpur state signed the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947 and merged his state in Union of India.
Covering an area of 93,424 km2 (36,071 sq mi), Jodhpur State was the largest state under theRajputana Agency and the third largest state inBritish India afterJammu and Kashmir State andHyderabad State. The average revenue of the state was Rs.56,00,000 in 1901.[5] the Maharaja's of Jodhpur originally had a gun salute of 19 guns with 21 personal. However the gun salute was reduced to 17 guns and 21 personal in 1870 due to a quarrel with the Maharana of Udaipur.[6][7]
Recent genealogists believe that the Rathores are connected to theGahadavala dynasty of Kannauj. A connection is often established between Rajput rulerJaichand and the Rathores.[10] Jaichand was later defeated by Muhammad of Ghor in theBattle of Chandawar.[11] The one branch of the defeated rulers of Kannauj migrated westwards into Rajputana and were invited to settle inPali.[12]Siha is regarded as the first emigrant in the region to establish his kingdom in Pali in 1243 when he helped the locals drive away theMeds andMeenas and assumed the title ofRao.[13][14] He died fighting an invading Muslim force in 1273. In this invasion large amounts of Brahmins in the region were massacred.[15]
Siha's son Rao Asthana captured Khed from theGuhilas and Idar from theBhils.[16][17] He died fighting a force ofJalaluddin Khilji in 1291 and was succeeded by his son Dhuhar.[18][19] Dhuhar captured Mandore from the Pariharas but lost it later.[20]
Dhuhar's son Raipal (r.1309-1313) and grandson Karanpal followed by Karanpal's son Bhim who continued to fight the Kingdom of Malwa and the Turkic invaders.[21] Karanpal's son Jhalansi defeated the Sodha Rajputs, and the ruler of Multan but died fighting the Turks in 1328.[22] His son Chhada defeated the Sodha's, the ruler of Jaisalmer, Nagaur and Jalore.[23] He died fighting the Songaras in 1344.[24] Chhada's son Rao Tida avenged his father's death by defeating the Songara's.[25] Tida was succeeded by his son Tribhuvan and his grandson Mallinath. Mallinath fought with the Songaras, Deoras, Bhatis and the Tughluqs.[26]
In 1384, Mallinath's nephewChunda gained the title of Rao and became the ruler.[27] Chunda married in a Parihar Rajput clan from which he received the city of Mandore as Dowry. He shifted his capital to that city in 1395.[28] In 1396, Zaffar Khan of Gujarat laid siege to Mandore but was repelled by Chunda. Chunda and Zaffar entered into a tribute with Zaffar but Chunda later counter-attacked Zaffar and captured Sambhar and Ajmer.[29] Chunda's aggressive policy earned him enmity with his neignbours, namely Bhati Rao of Pugal, the Sankhlas of Janglu and the governor of Multan, Khidar Khan. These collectively invaded Nagaur. Chunda died defending Nagaur in 1428.[30]
Towards the end of his life, he promised his throne to his younger son Kanha which angered his eldest son Ranmal who sought refuge inMewar. Ranmals sister Hansa Bai had been married toRana Lakha of Mewar so he was able to become a powerful member of the Mewar court.[31] Karan died soon in the same year and Ranmal was able to gain the throne of Marwar.[32] Ranmal attacked Bhati, Pugal and Jalore chiefs in his 10 year reign. Ranmal was called to help rule Mewar in 1433 when his sister Hansa Bai's son Mokal was assassinated. He helped rule the kingdom but his power was not received well by the Sisodia clan.Rana Kumbha, son of Mokal, got him assassinated in 1438.[33]
After Ranmal's assassination, Mewar and Marwar's relations had gotten bitter and Ranmal's sonRao Jodha escaped Mewar and reached its borders. From there he started building his own power. He recollected allies and defeated his enemies one by one and consolidated power and by 1453, he was able to regain Mandore.[34][35] To end this enmity, Kumbha and Jodha reached settlements and matrimonial alliance was established by marrying Jodha's daughterShringar Devi to Kumbha's sonRaimal in 1459.[36] It was after this that Marwar was able to become a prosperous kingdom under the rule of Rao Jodha. Out of the 15 rulers that preceded Jodha, nine died on the battlefield, six of them against foreign armies. Jodha'sson himself died after a battle in which he saved 140 women from Afghan raiders.[37]
After restoring peace, Jodha constructed a new capital fort on a hilltop 6 miles south of Mandore namedMehrangarh. The city came to be known by his name. Thus the city ofJodhpur was settled.[38] Soon, he expanded his territory greatly. One of his sons, Bika captured Janglu which he namedBikaner after himself and became its Rao.[39]
He died in 1489 and was succeeded by his sonRao Satal who died in 1492 who was succeeded by Jodha's second son,Rao Suja.[40] Suja's younger brother Bika laid siege to Jodhpur, demanding a separate kingdom in Bikaner, and in the ensuing negotiations, Bikaner was given to Bika as his independent kingdom.[41] Suja outlived his eldest son Bagha and died in 1515 and was succeeded by his grandsonRao Ganga in 1515.[42]
During the rule of Jodha's sons, many chiefs asserted their independence. This led to formations of factions which favored different candidates for succession. When Rao Ganga ascended to the throne, this factionalism led to a civil war like situation because the succession was disputed by another candidate called Biram Deo.[43][44] Soon after Ganga's accession, Biram was expelled from Jodhpur. To avenge this, Biram started looting Jodhpur. Eventually, with the help of his son Maldeo, Ganga was able to defeat Biram.[45]
SeeingRana Sanga's success, Ganga decided to align Marwar with Mewar and assisted Sanga in war against Sultan of Gujarat in 1517, andBattle of Bayana in 1527 and theBattle of Khanwa in 1527 againstBabur. His sonMaldeo Rathore participated in the battle and later escorted an unconsciousRana Sanga from the battleground after defeat.[46][47][48] After Sanga's death, Maldeo wanted to fill the vacuum of power in Rajputana and felt that his regnant father couldn't fill it. Ganga mysteriously died in 1531 after falling from his balcony. This fall could've been an accident but is believed that was an assassination by Maldeo.[49][50]
Under Maldeo Rathore, Marwar rose to great power. He was regarded as a great and fearless warrior.[51] According to Ferishta, He was the most potent prince of Hindustan.[52] In 1531, when Bahadur Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar, Maldeo assisted Rana Vikramaditya.[53] In 1534-35, Maldeo was able to captureAjmer andNagaur.[54]
During Maldeo's territorial expansion, Raja of Jaisalmer sued for peace and offered his daughterUmade for marriage.[55] He attacked Jalore in 1538 and took it. Its ruler was imprisoned where he died a few years later.[56] During his rule, Marwar captured a large part of western Rajputana.
He continued his father's policy towards theKingdom of Mewar by helping its legitimate heirUdai Singh II in taking the throne back from the usurperBanvir.[57] He invaded Bikaner, ruled by a branch of the same family and annexed it in 1542.[58]
In 1540, Maldeo helpedMughal EmperorHumayun againstSher Shah Suri by providing him 20,000 troops at Bhakkar. There are many reasons about why he provided this assistance including increasing the sphere of influence or avenging shelter given to fugitives in Sher Shah's court.[59] Eventually, an expelled Humayun reached Phalodi, in Marwar, to seek assistance from Maldeo but couldn't secure much help from the Raja.[60] Following a half hearted welcome for Humayun by Maldeo, Sher Shah marched down to Phalodi and asked Maldeo for handing over Humayun, who escaped to Amarkot.[61]
Following Humayun's escape, Sher Shah returned to Delhi and consolidated power. He later planned to invade Maldeo because he was very ambitious.[62] When Sher Shah reached Marwar, he devised a deceptive plan. He dropped several letters addressed to Marwari soldiers asking them to defect to Delhi. This made Maldeo suspect them and order them to retreat. A few thousand soldiers still held frontier who met Sher Shah Suri at theBattle of Sammel.[63] Sher Shah won the battle and further pursued Marwar. Jodhpur was occupied for several months, but was retaken by Maldeo in 1545.[64]
In 1550, Maldeo invaded Pokhran and Phalodi and took it over from its chiefs.[65]In 1556, Haji Khan, an ally ofRana Udai Singh of Mewar, sought help from Maldeo to invade Mewar after differences arose between Udai and Haji. In the Battle of Harmada in 1557, Udai Singh was defeated and the territory of Merta was captured by Maldeo.[66]
Akbar succeeded Humayun in 1556, many Rajput chiefs mustered around him with their grievances against theRathore Chief ofJodhpur. Akbar used this as acasus belli against Maldeo. The Mughals conquered Ajmer and Nagaur in 1557 and soon after Akbar captured Jaitaran and Parbatsar. However the Mughals failed to capture the core territories of Marwar. Maldeo before his death held the districts of Jodhpur, Sojat, Jaitaran, Phalodi, Siwana, Pokhran, Jalore, Sanchore, Merta, Barmer, Kotra and some parts of Jaisalmer. These territories were later captured by Akbar due to the succession war between Maldeo's sons.[67][68][69]
Maldeo Rathore died on 7 November 1562.[70]
After the death of Maldeo, according to his will, his third sonChandrasen Rathore was crowned theRao. But is first and second son Ram and Udai started a war of succession for the throne. They were defeated by Chandrasen by 1563.[71] After the war of succession, Chadrasen did not accept the suzerainty ofAkbar and hence Mughal army invaded Jodhpur and occupied it because of which Chandrasen shifted his capital toBhadrajun.[72][73]
While Chandrasen continued to defend his kingdom from the Mughal invasions, his neighborRana Pratap of Mewar fought a war with mughals in theBattle of Haldighati in 1576 which made a heavy loss to both the mewar and mughals.[74] After the battle of Haldighati, Mughals turned their attention to Marwar and invaded in the same year. Chandrasen was dislodged from Bhadrajun and became a wanderer for the next 5 years with no capital, throne or shelter. He made several attempts to regain his kingdom, which included several raids on the imperial forces. Although his efforts went in vain and he died in 1581.[75][76]
In 1583, Akbar formally recognized Chandrasen's rival brotherUdai Singh as the ruler of Marwar as a Mughal state.[77] This new ruler of Marwar recognized Akbar's supremacy readily as he was under him since 1570.[78] Udai also contributed to Akbar's imperial force in the invasions of Sirohi.[79] A matrimonial alliance was established between Mughals and Marwar in 1586 when Udai Singh's daughterManvati bai was married toJahangir.[80] In 1592, Akbar tasked Udai to take care of the administrative affairs of his capitalLahore while he led conquest in Kashmir. Udai Singh died in Lahore in 1595.[81]
Udai was succeeded by his sonSur Singh in 1595. Because of his military abilities, he was given the titleSawai Raja.[82] In 1596, he was also given the control of Gujarat.[83] In 1599, he was sent to assistDaniyal Mirza in the conquest of theDeccan for EmperorAkbar.[84] In 1604 on the request of Daniyal Mirza, he was allowed to return to Jodhpur and was grantedJaitaran and western half ofMerta pargana.[85] During Udai and his son Sur's rule, theirpradhan (prima minister) Govind Das Bhati reformed the Marwari administrative system and made it similar to the Mughal system.[86] In 1613, he was deputed by the Mughal emperor along with PrinceKhurram to undertake the expedition ofMewar.[87] Sur Singh died in 1619 and was succeeded by his sonGaj Singh.[88]
The Mughal emperor was impressed by the military capabilities of Gaj Singh and Gaj helped the Mughal empire subdueMalik Ambar,Nizam ul Mulk and Khan i Jahan Lodhi.[89] Gaj also helped Jahangir quell the rebellion led by his rebellious sonPrince Khurram who would later becomeShah Jahan.[90] He died in 1638 and the throne passed to his second son,Jaswant.[91]Jaswant was just 12 years old when he ascended to the throne and his decisions were heavily influenced by Shah Jahan. Jaswant accompanied Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb on many of his expeditions. He was able to get rid of the Bhatis of Jaisalmer in 1650.[92]
In 1657, when Shah Jahan fell ill and his sons Aurangzeb and Murad started a war of succession, Jaswant Singh led a united Mughal front against the two princes.[93]The two forces met at theBattle of Dharmat in April 1658. During this battle, the Mughal commander Qasim Khan betrayed Jaswant Singh and did not participate in the battle completely causing Rajput casualties. The battle was lost and an injured Jaswant had to retreat.[94]Following the defeat of Dara Shikoh at theBattle of Samugarh,Aurangzeb was crowned as the Mughal Emperor after which he pardoned Jaswant Singh for siding with Dara.[95]In 1661, Aurangzeb ordered Jaswant to help his uncle Shaista Khan to fight against the Maratha leaderShivaji. In 1663, Jaswant captured the fort Kondana, weakening Shivaji.[96] Jaswant died in 1678.
At the time of his death, Jaswant Singh had no living heirs, but soon, his wife gave birth to his son posthumously in February 1679. One of these heirs died but the second,Ajit Singh survived. Jaswant's family was moved to Delhi and Aurangzeb converted Marwar into a crown territory to govern it while it did not have a ruler.[97] Aurangzeb didn't immediately crown Ajit Singh as the ruler and demanded him to be a grown adult first.[98] Instead, a grand-nephew of Jaswant, Inder Singh Rathore was crowned by Aurangzeb.[99] One of the ministers of Marwar,Durgadas Rathore along with a Rathore delegation rescued Ajit Singh and theRanis in June 1679 and took them back to Sirohi where Ajit grew up in anonymity.[100] Over the next few decades, the Mughals and Marwar kept engaging in guerilla warfare.
Marwar andMewar joined hands to oppose Aurangzeb together but were defeated in the Battle of Debari in 1680.[101]Aurangzeb sent his sonMuhammad Akbar to captureAjit but Akbar ended up rebelling against his father in 1681. Aurangzeb tried to prevent an alliance between the Rajputs and Akbar by planting fake letters between him and Akbar stating that the rebellion is a plot to lure the Rajputs. This worked and no major alliance formed between Marwar and Akbar. Later, to help Akbar,Durgadas took him to the court ofSambhaji.[102] Durgadas was successfully able to distract Aurangzeb and from 1681 to 1687, he was able to recapture vast expanses of the Marwar territory back.[103]
After 1687, Marwar and the Mughals got into negotiations to end the struggle. Ajit was married to the niece ofMaharana Jai Singh to eliminate any doubt in the mind of Aurangzeb that Ajit could be an imposter and not the real son of Jaswant Singh.[104] Truce did not last long and afterPrince Azam took over in Gujarat he broke the conciliatory policies of his predecessor in 1702. Because of this, Ajit Singh couldn't return to Jodhpur till the death ofAurangzeb in 1707 after which they captured Jodhpur.[105] Ajit Singh captured large parts of Marwar while Prince Muazzam ascended to the Mughal throne asBahadur Shah I.[106]Bahadur Shah invaded Marwar in 1708, defeated Ajit in the battle of Merta and took control of Marwar in February.[107]In 1708,Ajit Singh of Marwar,Sawai Jai Singh andMaharana Amar Singh came signed a pact of alliance against Mughals and thus began theRajput Rebellion of 1708.Ajit exiled Durgadas Rathore from Marwar to take complete control of Marwar and Durgadas died in Mewar in 1718.[108]
Together, Maharana Amar Singh, Ajit Singh and Sawai Jai Singh marched upon Jodhpur in 1708 and expelledMehrab Khan and placed Ajit Singh on the throne.[109] Later the same year, the alliance marched on Amber and met the forces ofBahadur Shah I at Sambhar. The battle was won by the alliance and by October 1708, Jai Singh II was restored to his throne at Amber.[110] Eventually Bahadur Shah accepted the demands of Ajit and Jai Singh and recognized them as the rulers of Jodhpur and Amber respectively in 1710 ending the rebellion.[111]
After the war, Ajit Singh built good relations with the new Mughal EmperorJahandar Shah who gave him higher privileges.[112] WhenFarrukhsiyar ascended to the Mughal Throne, he sent Sayyid Husain Ali Khan to invade Marwar in 1714 for not accepting the position of governor of Thatta in Sindh. Ajit negotiated with Hussain and struck a peace deal according to which, his son and heir Abhay Singh will attend the Mughal court and his daughter will be married to Farrukhsiyar.[113] Ajit Singh took his revenge in 1719. Ajit Singh besieged the Red Fort, entered the palace grounds, stabbed Qutb-ul-Mulk and arrested Farrukhsiyar. The emperor was dragged to a small room in Tripoliya gate, where he was tortured and blinded with a needle. On 2 March 1719, Rafi-Ud-Darjat was placed on the throne by Ajit Singh and Jai Singh.[114]
After Rafi-ud-Darjat's abdication and Rafi-ud-Daulah's premature death in the same year,Muhammad Shah ascended to the throne. Ajit had enough influence on him to get the privileges of subedar of Ajmer and governorship of Gujarat.[115] Muhammad Shah didn't let himself be influenced by Ajit Singh, he deposed theSayyid brothers in 1720 and then canceled the appointments of Ajit to Gujarat and Ajmer. When Ajit tried to rebel against this, he was defeated by Hyder Quli Khan. More than a dozenparganas were taken away from Ajit and he had to return to Jodhpur in 1723.[116]Ajit's son, Abhay remained under the influence of Jai Singh II who hadn't lost his prominence in the court after the deposition of the Sayyid brothers. Jai Singh instigated Abhay to get rid of Ajit who ordered his younger brother Bakhat Singh to assassinate Ajit. On 23 June 1724, Bakhat Singh entered the palace of his father and murdered him. Ajit Singh died at the age of 45 and his son Abhay was enthroned asMaharaja Abhay Singh.[117] More than sixty women committedSati on the funeral pyre of Ajit Singh.[118]
Abhay Singh marched against Sarbaland Khan, the previous subedar of Gujarat after he refused to hand over the subedari to Abhay when he was appointed subedar in 1730 byMuhammad Shah.[119] Abhay also attacked and captured Baroda and Jambusar from Marathas in 1732 while they were distracted because of the strife betweenBaji Rao I andTrimbak Rao Dabhade.[120] He remained the subedar of Gujarat till 1737.In 1734,Maharana Jagat Singh convened a conference atHurda in order to oppose the Marathas and Abhay Singh was a fore-front signatory of this convention. An alliance launched an attack on the Marathas the same year, but lost and had to give upChauth of the Malwa region.[121]
During the 1730s, while other Rajput rulers were appeasing the Marathas, Jodhpur remained against the Marathas and rallied in favor of supporting the Mughals and opposing Maratha influence. Because of this Marathas invaded Marwar in 1736.[122] In 1739, Abhay decided to invade Bikaner, but his brother Bakhat Singh decided to side with the Bikaneri Maharaja Zorawar Singh. Bakhat Singh requested for support from Sawai Jai Singh, who marched for his cause in 1740. Eventually, the Rana of Mewar had to intervene and get a treaty signed between the two states which also included a clause of war reparations to Jaipur.[123] In 1739,Nader Shah invaded the Mughal empire andsacked Delhi. Not a single Rajput ruler came to the defense ofMuhammad Shah and his calls for mobilisation were ignored.[124]
After the treaty, Abhay and Bakhat Singh united again and this time led a front against Jaipur in June 1741. The forces of Marwar and Amber met at theBattle of Gangwana. This battle was fought with heavy casualties on both sides but eventually Bakhat Singh had to retreat because he was heavily wounded with a bullet and an Arrow.[125][126] The Mughal emperor granted Idar to Abhay who gave it to his rebellious brother Anand Singh. Before dying in 1749, Abhay made an unsuccessful attempt at invading Bikaner and established good relations with the Holkars.[127]
Abhay was succeeded by his sonRam Singh but soon, his position was disputed by his uncle Bakhat Singh. This dispute attracted external parties to intervene. Gaj Singh of Bikaner sided with Bakhat while Ishwari Singh of Jaipur sided with Ram Singh.[128] In 1751, Ram Singh was defeated by Bakhat Singh at the Battle of Luniawas and Bakhat was crowned the maharaja. Ram Singh sought help from the Marathas andJayappa Scindia soon came to help him. They encamped in Ajmer but soon Bakhat Singh launched an army towards Ajmer so it was abandoned. Before any tangible result could play out, Bakhat Singh died in 1752.[129] His sonBijay Singh could only remain on the throne for a year and was deposed by Ram Singh assisted by Jayappa Scindia.[130] In 1755, Bijay Singh got Jayappa assassinated inNagaur who was succeeded byJankoji Rao Scindia.[131]
Jankoji partitioned the kingdom giving the Jodhpur portion to Bijay Singh and the Jalore portion to Ram Singh.[131] Marwar remained neutral during theThird Battle of Panipat in 1761 and Bijay was able to use the distracted Marathas to expel Ram Singh from the Jalore portion of Marwar and was able to gain full control. Ram Singh ran away to Jaipur where he died in 1772.[132][131]
After Ram Singh's death, Marwar saw a period of revival under Bijay Singh. Bijay Singh became the first Rathore ruler to mint his own currency with the permission of the Mughal rulerShah Alam II in 1781.[133][131] In 1787,Mahadji Scindia marched against Jaipur and Jaipur joined forced with Jodhpur to fight theBattle of Lalsot in the town of Tunga. The professionalism of the Scindia forces under French commanderBenoit de Boigne couldn't match the valor of the Rajput troops who forced them to retreat and Bijay captured Ajmer.[134][135] de Boigne came back to Marwar and this time, Bijay's army faced two heavy defeats at theBattle of Patan and Mertia in 1790 and Marwar had to cede a lot of territory to the Marathas.[136][135] In 1793, Bijay Singh died and his eldest grandsonBhim Singh took over the throne. Other contenders to the throne were either expelled, blinded or killed exceptMan Singh.[137] Dhananajaya Singh describes his succession as anorgy of murder.[138] Throughout his reign, Bhim tried to capture his cousin Man Singh but failed multiple times. He died before he could capture his cousin in 1803 and Man Singh was the only remaining heir, so he was crowned the Raja in 1804.[139]
Bhim Singh had been engaged to the Mewar princessKrishna Kumari since an early age but died before he could married her.[140][141] So Maharana Bhim Singh decided to marry her to Sawai Jagat Singh of Jaipur. Successor of Bhim Singh of Marwar, Man Singh insisted that Krishna be married to him and gotDaulat Rao Scindia to mediate the issue.[142] Eventually, Daulat Rao pulled out and the Rajputana broke into war over Krishna Kumari.[143]Jagat Singh laid siege toMehrangarh fort in 1807 but found no success and had to retreat back to Jaipur because his own kingdom was being invaded by the Scindias.Amir Khan sided with Man Singh and suggested that either Krishna Kumari be married to Man Singh or be killed. He also attacked Udaipur and burned several villages.[144] Bhim Singh of Mewar eventually decided that Krishna will be poisoned and she died of poisoning on 21 July 1810.[145][144][146]
In 1808, Man Singh dispatched Indra Singh Sanghvi against Bikaner who defeated one force in Udasar but failed to take the Bikaner fort. A second force dispatched was also defeated and captured. Eventually, Maharaja of Bikaner reached a settlement with Marwar.[147] Meanwhile,Amir Khan Pindari's raids into Jaipur territory forced Jagat Singh to reach settlement with Marwar as well, establishing another matrimonial alliance.[148]
After the war over Krishna Kumari, Amir Khan became increasingly demanding and wanted to extract booty from Marwar for the help in the war.[149] Ministers and other nobles in the Marwari court, worried of the influential position held by minister Indra Raj Sanghvi, convinced Amir Khan that his dues were pending due to Sanghvi who was assassinated by the Pindaris in 1815.[150] Khan took advantage of a weak Marwar and extracted lakhs of rupees as bounty.[151] The murder of Indra Raj Sanghvi led to a power struggle between his rivalMehta Akhey Chand and his brotherSanghvi Gul Raj. This eventually led to the murder of Gul Raj and Mehta Akhey convinced Man Singh to abdicate in favor is his heir Chattar Singh.[152][153]
TheBritish East India Company made the first contacts with the Rajputana in 1803 when it defeated the Marathas in theSecond Anglo-Maratha War. It had gained the control of the Maratha territory up to the Yamuna river and had also reached the doorstep of Rajputana and requested the Rajput rulers to be cooperative. They understood the importance of travel routes to Delhi, Agra and Mau which all went through the Rajput lands.[154] After the EIC defeated Bharatpur in 1805, many Rajput states started looking up to the British as an entity that could take the place of the Mughals and provide protection.[155]
During theThird Anglo-Maratha War, the British defeated Amir Khan at the Pindari war in 1817 and gave the possession ofTonk to him and made him itsNawab. Having dealt with Amir Khan, Man Singh signed a treaty with the British in 1818 with the following clause.
including other articles of the treaty.[156] After the untimely death of Chattar Singh in 1818, Man Singh came out of his abdication and took control of his state affairs.[157]
Man Singh's first affair in office this time was to round up the faction which caused the power struggle in the court during his inactivity, who invited Amir Khan Pindari and led to the assassination of Indra Raj Sanghvi. Mehta Akhey Chand was executed along with other members of the faction in 1820.[158] Man Singh did not act subordinate in the next one decade committing acts like sheltering absconding rulers from the British and attacking neighboring states in violation of the British treaty and ignoring the Governor-General's requests.[159] After being defeated at the Third Anglo-Maratha war,Mudhoji II Bhonsle asked for shelter in Marwar which was granted where he lived the rest of his life and died in 1840.[160]
Man Singh also refused to attendLord William Bentinck's durbar at Ajmer in 1832, considered a more serious violation.[160] Having had enough from Man Singh, the British decided to move against him in 1839, they invaded Marwar and captured Mehrangarh fort. Captain Ludlow was appointed as the Company's political agent to Marwar and the clause of the 1818 treaty stating the Maharaja being the absolute ruler was demolished and the British established permanent presence in Marwar. Man Singh retired from the job and died in 1843.[161]
Man Singh's sons had predeceased him and on advice of his widows and other senior Rathores, the second cousin of the Raja of Idar and great-great-grandson of Maharaja Ajit Singh,Takht Singh was elected the successor of Man Singh and was invited to be crowned.[162][163]
Over the next decades the seat of power in Marwar shifted from the Maharaja to the British Resident. By the end of the 19th century, he enjoyed executive, financial and judicial power.[164] Several attempts of modernisation were made in this era.Diwani andFaujdari courts were established and judicial officers were brought in from other residencies.[165] Infanticide and child trafficking was criminalised. Roads and an Astronomical observatory was constructed.[166]
The Rathore dynasty ofJodhpur are Rajputs claimed to be descendants ofRastrakuta dynasty[167] On the fall of theRashtrakuta dynasty they migrated north and formed their kingdom inKannauj asGahadavala dynasty and after the death of last emperorJaichand inBattle of Chandwar his descendants migrated toMarwar and established Rathore dynasty[168][167]
| Name | Notes | Reign began | Reign ended | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rao Sihaji | He conquered Pali and became the first rao of the Rathore dynasty in Marwar. He died in the battle of Lakha Jhawar (1273) against Ghaus ud-din Balban. | 1226 | 1273 |
| 2 | Rao Asthanji | ConqueredKhed from the Gohils and Idar from theBhils. He died in battle againstSultan Jalal ud dinKhilji. Both he and his brotherRao Sonag conquered Idar and began theKingdom of Idar. | 1273 | 1292 |
| 3 | Rao Doohadji | He conquered more than 140 villages. He was killed in battle against the Parihars. | 1292 | 1309 |
| 4 | Rao Raipalji | He avenged his father by killing the ruler of theParihars. During a famine in Marwar he distributed his own personal grains to the people. | 1309 | 1313 |
| 5 | Rao Kanhapalji | He suffered raids from theTurko-Afghan tribes and was killed in action defending his lands. | 1313 | 1323 |
| 6 | Rao Jalansiji | He defeated theSodhaParmars. He took the turban of the Sodha chief to mark his supremacy in the region. | 1323 | 1328 |
| 7 | Rao Chaddoji | 1328 | 1344 | |
| 8 | Rao Tidaji | He was killed in battle against the sultan ofDelhi. | 1344 | 1357 |
| Rao Kanhadevji | 1357 | 1374 | ||
| Rao Salkhaji | 1374 | ? | ||
| 9 | Rao Vikramdevji | ? | 1383 | |
| 11 | Rao Chunda | He successfully defended Mandore from theTurks in 1396. He further conquered the areas ofNagaur ,Sambhar,Khatu,Nadol andAjmer from theTughlaq Empire. Was killed in battle against Khizr Khan ofMultan. | 1383 | 1428 |
| 12 | Rao Kanhaji | Fought battles with his brothers. Died young in Mandore. | 1428 | 1428 |
| 13 | RaoRanmal | He consolidated his rule with the help of the Sisodias of Mewar. He was later assassinated on the orders ofRana Kumbha ofMewar. | 1428 | 1438 |
| Name | Notes | Reign began | Reign ended | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | RaoJodha | Fought Rana Kumbha and reclaimed his lands. He later founded the city ofJodhpur and made it his capital. He subjugated the states of Jalore and Bundi and annexed Ajmer, Sambhar and Mohilavati. | 12 May 1438 | 6 April 1489 |
| 2 | RaoSatal | Died from wounds after saving 140 women from Afghan raiders. | 6 April 1489 | 13 March 1492 |
| 3 | RaoSuja | 13 March 1492 | 2 October 1515 | |
| 4 | RaoBiram Singh | Grandson of Suj. | 2 October 1515 | 8 November 1515 |
| 5 | RaoGanga | AssistedRana Sanga in his campaigns against the Sultans of India. | 8 November 1515 | 9 May 1532 |
| 6 | Rao Maldeo | Successfully repelled the invasions ofSher Shah Suri. Called as one of the most potent rulers of Hindustan by Ferishta. | 9 May 1532 | 7 November 1562 |
| 7 | Rao Chandra Sen | He defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. | 7 November 1562 | 11 January 1581 |
| 8 | Raja Udai SinghMota Raja | He became ruler of Jodhpur after death of Rao Chandrasen and was granted the title of Raja. | 4 August 1583 | 11 July 1595 |
| 9 | Sawai Raja Suraj Mal | Was granted the title ofSawai Raja in recognition of his many services.[169] | 11 July 1595 | 7 September 1619 |
| 10 | Maharaja Gaj Singh I | The first to take the titleMaharaja | 7 September 1619 | 6 May 1638 |
| 11 | Maharaja Jaswant Singh | He fought againstAurangzeb in the Battle of Dharmatpur. | 6 May 1638 | 28 December 1678 |
| 12 | Maharaja Ajit Singh | Became Maharaja of Marwar after 31 years of war with Aurangzeb.Durgadas Rathore played a key role in the war. Deposed Farukhsiyar with the help of the Sayyid brothers. | 19 February 1679 | 24 June 1724 |
| 13 | Raja Indra Singh | Installed in opposition toMaharaja Ajit Singh by Emperor Aurangzeb but unpopluar with people of Marwar | 9 June 1679 | 4 August 1679 |
| 14 | Maharaja Abhai Singh | Defeated Sarbuland Khan and occupied all of Gujarat for a short time. He helped his brother Anand Singh to conquerIdar, in which the current Idar family traces descent to him. | 24 June 1724 | 18 June 1749 |
| 15 | Maharaja Ram Singh | First reign | 18 June 1749 | July 1751 |
| 16 | Maharaja Bakht Singh | He was the general of the Marwari forces against Sarbuland Khan and defeated him. In theBattle of Gangwana he defeated a combined army ofKachwahas and Mughal reinforcements . | July 1751 | 21 September 1752 |
| 17 | Maharaja Vijay Singh | First reign | 21 September 1752 | 31 January 1753 |
| 18 | Maharaja Ram Singh | Second reign | 31 January 1753 | September 1772 |
| 19 | Maharaja Vijay Singh | Second reign – Was defeated byMahadji Scindia and forced to surrender the fort and city ofAjmer. | September 1772 | 17 July 1793 |
| 20 | Maharaja Bhim Singh | 17 July 1793 | 19 October 1803 | |
| 21 | Maharaja Man Singh | Entered into treaty relations with the British on 6 January 1818. | 19 October 1803 | 4 September 1843 |
| 22 | Maharaja Sir Takht Singh | Not in the direct line, but a great-great-great grandson of Ajit Singh. Formerly from Ahmednagar. | 4 September 1843 | 13 February 1873 |
| 23 | Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II | Kaisar-i-Hind | 13 February 1873 | 11 October 1895 |
| 24 | Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh | Colonel in the British Indian Army | 11 October 1895 | 20 March 1911 |
| 25 | Maharaja Sir Sumer Singh | Colonel in the British Indian Army | 20 March 1911 | 3 October 1918 |
| 26 | Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh | Lieutenant-General in the British Indian Army | 3 October 1918 | 9 June 1947 |
| 27 | Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh | Ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) until accession to the Union of India in 1949; died on 26 January 1952 | 9 June 1947 | 7 April 1949 |
| 28 | (titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur | Became head of the House on 26 January 1952 | 26 January 1952 | Present |
Kumbha has been deliberately assigned a young age to glorify Ranmal Rathor and to give him all the earlier achievement of Maharana Kumbha. In reality Ranmal served Maharana Kumbha as one his samants and during his tenure worked hard to augment his own position and power.
Sahga's success against Ibrahim Lodi was the crowning achieve¬ ment of his career. It was the culmination of a series of successes against his neighbours, as a consequence of which the boundaries of Mewar were considerably extended. On the north they were pushed up as far as the Bayana river. In the east, Raisen, Kalpi and Chanderl were included within her territories. In the south, Dungarpur and Banswara were held by a vassal, and her frontiers ran far into the heart of Malwa. To the south-west, Sirohi was ruled by the Rana's son-in-law. Even the chiefs of Mar war and Ambar, according to Tod, acknowledged his allegianc.
Media related toJodhpur State at Wikimedia Commons26°28′N73°02′E / 26.467°N 73.033°E /26.467; 73.033
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