| Common rue | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Common rue in flower | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | Ruta |
| Species: | R. graveolens |
| Binomial name | |
| Ruta graveolens | |
 | |
Ruta graveolens, commonly known asrue,common rue orherb-of-grace, is a species of the genusRuta grown as anornamental plant andherb. It is native to theBalkan Peninsula. It is grown throughout the world ingardens, especially for its bluish leaves, and sometimes for its tolerance of hot and drysoil conditions. It is alsocultivated as a culinary herb, and to a lesser extent as an insect repellent and incense.
The specific epithetgraveolens refers to the strong-smelling leaves.[1]
Rue is a woody,perennial shrub. Its leaves are oblong, blue green and arranged bipinnately with rounded leaflets; they release a strong aroma when they are bruised.[2]
The flowers are small with 4 to 5 dull yellow petals incymes. The first flower in each cyme ispentamerous (five sepals, five petals, five stamens and five carpels. All the others aretetramerous (four of each part). They bear brown seed capsules when pollinated.[2]
 | This articleis missing information about effectiveness and safety of traditional medical uses. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(October 2021) |
In the ancient Roman world, the naturalistsPedanius Dioscorides andPliny the Elder recommended that rue be combined with the poisonous shruboleander to be drunk as an antidote to venomous snake bites.[3][4]
The refined oil of rue is anemmenagogue[5] and was cited by the Roman historianPliny the Elder andSoranus as anabortifacient (inducing abortion).[6][7]
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Rue has a culinary use, but since it is bitter and gastric discomfort may be experienced by some individuals, it is used sparingly. Although used more extensively in former times, it is not a herb that is typically found in modern cuisine. Due to small amounts of toxins it contains, it must be used in small amounts, and should be avoided by pregnant women or women who have liver issues.
It has a variety of other culinary uses:
Rue is also grown as anornamental plant, both as a low hedge and so the leaves can be used innosegays.
Most cats dislike the smell of it, and it can, therefore, be used as a deterrent to them (see alsoPlectranthus caninus).[citation needed]
Caterpillars of some subspecies of the butterflyPapilio machaon feed on rue, as well as other plants. The caterpillars ofPapilio xuthus also feed readily on it.[11]
InSephardic Jewish tradition, ruda is believed to possess protective qualities against malevolent forces, particularly the evil eye. It is often placed near vulnerable individuals, such as newborns, children, and mothers, to ward off evil.[12] Beyond its symbolic significance, ruda is valued for its medicinal properties. When combined withsugar, it is traditionally used to soothe eye discomfort and alleviate the symptoms of a mild cold. Additionally, inhaling ruda is thought to mitigate the effects of shock. Ruda's significance in Sephardic Jewish culture also extends to religious practices. DuringYom Kippur, a Jewish holiday marked by fasting, Sephardic synagogues often pass ruda among congregants to revitalise them.[12]
Beyond the Sephardic tradition, Hasidic Jews also recognized the protective qualities of ruda. Hasidic Jews also were taught that rue should be placed into amulets to protect them from epidemics and plagues.[13] OtherHasidim rely on the works of a famous BaghdadiKabbalistYaakov Chaim Sofer who makes mention of the plant "ruda" (רודה) as an effective device against both black magic and the evil eye.[14]
It finds many household uses around the world as well. It is traditionally used in Central Asia as an insect repellent and room deodorizer.[clarification needed]
Rue is generally safe if consumed in small amounts as an herb to flavor food. Rue extracts aremutagenic andhepatotoxic.[5] Large doses can cause violent gastric pain, vomiting, liver damage, and death.[5] This is due to a variety of toxic compounds in the plant's sap. It is recommended to only use small amounts in food, and to not consume it excessively. It should be strictly avoided by pregnant women, as it can be anabortifacient andteratogen.[citation needed]
Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severephytophotodermatitis, which results in burn-like blisters on the skin.[15][16][17][18] The mechanism of action is currently unknown.[19]
A series offuranoacridones and twoacridone alkaloids (arborinine andevoxanthine) have been isolated fromR. graveolens.[20] It also containscoumarins andlimonoids.[21]
Cell cultures produce the coumarinsumbelliferone,scopoletin,psoralen,xanthotoxin,isopimpinellin,rutamarin andrutacultin, and the alkaloidsskimmianine,kokusaginine,6-methoxydictamnine andedulinine.[22]
The ethyl acetate extract ofR. graveolens leaves yields twofuranocoumarins, onequinoline alkaloid and fourquinolone alkaloids includinggraveoline.[23][24]
The chloroform extracts of the root, stem and leaf shows the isolation of the furanocoumarinchalepensin.[25]
The essential oil ofR. graveolens contains two main constituents,undecan-2-one (46.8%) andnonan-2-one (18.8%).[26]
The bitter taste of its leaves led to rue being associated with the (etymologically unrelated) verbrue "to regret". Rue is well known for its symbolic meaning of regret and it has sometimes been called "herb-of-grace" in literary works. In mythology,[27] thebasilisk, whose breath could cause plants to wilt and stones to crack, had no effect on rue.Weasels who were bitten by the basilisk would retreat and eat rue in order to recover and return to fight.
Rue is mentioned in theNew Testament,Luke 11:42:
"But woe unto you, Pharisees! For ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs".
Sephardic Jewish tradition has long valued ruda for its diverse applications in health, religious practices, and spiritual well-being. It was in theOttoman Balkans, rather thanMedieval Spain, that Sephardic Jews encountered ruda and adopted its associated traditions and beliefs.[12]
For Sephardic Jews, Ruda is believed to protect against theevil eye and is often placed near newborns, children, and mothers to ward off harm. It is also traditionally used for its healing properties; when combined with sugar, it can soothe eye discomfort. Inhaling ruda is thought to alleviate symptoms of shock.[12] DuringYom Kippur, ruda is sometimes used in synagogues to revitalize fasting worshippers.[12]
In Sephardic culture, ruda also symbolizes affection and is incorporated into celebratory rituals such as bridal showers. This symbolism is also featured in the traditional Sephardic song "Una Matica de Ruda", a popular Ladino ballad sung by Sephardic Jews for centuries. It's a retelling of a 16th-century Spanish ballad, and depicts a conversation between a mother and daughter about love and marriage. The daughter receives a cluster of ruda from a suitor, while the mother warns her of the dangers of new love.[12]
Rue is considered anational herb of Lithuania and it is the most frequently referenced herb in Lithuanian folk songs, as an attribute of young girls, associated with virginity and maidenhood. It was common in traditional Lithuanian weddings for only virgins to wear a rue (Lithuanian:rūta) at their wedding, a symbol to show their purity.
Likewise, rue is prominent in Ukrainian folklore, songs and culture. In the Ukrainian folk song "Oi poli ruta, ruta" (O, rue, rue in the field), the girl regrets losing her virginity, reproaching the lover for "breaking the green hazel tree".[28] "Chervona Ruta" (Червона Рута—"Red Rue") is a song, written byVolodymyr Ivasyuk, a popular Ukrainian poet and composer. Pop singerSofia Rotaru performed the song in 1971.
It is one of the flowers distributed by the madOphelia inWilliam Shakespeare'sHamlet (IV.5):
It is used by the clown Lavatch inAll's Well That Ends Well (IV.5) to describe Helena and his regret at her apparent death:
It was planted by the gardener inRichard II to mark the spot where the Queen wept upon hearing news of Richard's capture (III.4.104–105):
It is also given by the rusticated Perdita to her disguised royal father-in-law on the occasion of a sheep-shearing (Winter's Tale, IV.4):
It is used by Michael in Milton'sParadise Lost to give Adam clear sight (11.414):
Rue is used by Gulliver inGulliver's Travels (by Jonathan Swift) when he returns to England after living among the "Houyhnhnms". Gulliver can no longer stand the smell of the English Yahoos (people), so he stuffs rue or tobacco in his nose to block out the smell.
"I was at last bold enough to walk the street in his (Don Pedro's) company, but kept my nose well with rue, or sometimes with tobacco".
