Rudok རུ་ཐོག་དགོན Rutok, Rutog | |
|---|---|
Village | |
| 日土村 | |
 Rudok village anddzong (The hillside is dotted with the ruins of numerous buildings destroyed during thecultural revolution)[1] | |
| Nickname: Rudok Dzong | |
  Rudok  Rudok | |
| Coordinates:33°24′58″N79°38′36″E / 33.4161°N 79.6433°E /33.4161; 79.6433 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Tibet Autonomous Region |
| Prefecture | Ngari Prefecture |
| County | Rutog County |
| Township | Rutog Town |
| Established | c. 1000 |
| Elevation | 4,250 m (13,940 ft) |
| Area code | +86 (0) 897 |
Rudok, also speltRutok andRutog,[a] more properlyRudok Dzong[8] (Tibetan:རུ་ཐོག་དགོན,Wylie:Ru thogs rdzong),[b] is a town that served as the historical capital of the Rudok area inWestern Tibet on the frontier withLadakh. In the1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, it is described as being "picturesquely situated" on the side of a hill standing isolated in the plain near the east end ofLake Pangong.[3]
Initially part of Ladakh when the kingdom wasfounded in the 10th century, Rudok was separated from Ladakh after of theTibet–Ladakh–Mughal War in 1684 and annexed toCentral Tibet. Close economic relations between Ladakh and Rudok nevertheless continued until theChinese annexation of Tibet in 1949. China discontinued trade between Ladakh and Rudok,[11] and developed Rudok into a military base for prosecuting its border claims against Ladakh.[12]
Around the year 2000, the Chinese administration of Tibet built a newRutog Town about 10 km east of Rudok, adjacent to theChina National Highway 219, and moved the county headquarters there. The original town is now regarded as a "village" (Chinese:日土村;pinyin:Rì tǔ cūn) within the township of the new town. The original town also took considerable damage during theCultural Revolution and lost much of its grandeur. It is still recommended as a tourist destination by a number of guide books.[4]
Rudok is centred on a small hill on the bank of a tributary calledChuling Chu of theMaga Tsangpo river. Chuling Chu joins the latter about 4 km downstream and the combined river flows into the southeastern end of thePangong Lake further 4 km down. Maga Tsangpo is one of the largest affluents of the Pangong Lake.
E. B. Wakefield, the first European to visit Rudok in 1929, described the purple and black hill, rising high above the level of the surrounding plain, crowned by the Dzongpön's palace, which seemed "beautiful and impressive and worthy of [its] sanctity".[13] The village was built around the hill, at its base as well as on the hill slopes.The houses were built in tiers, whitewashed and walled in.[3]
According to the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, at the top of the hill were a large palace (dzong) and several monasteries painted in red.[3] Modern travel literature names them as Sharje, Lhakhang, Marpo, and Nubradan monasteries.[14] According to another travel book, the monasteries were destroyed during the ChineseCultural Revolution. One of them (Lhakhang) was rebuilt in 1983–84. It had only six monks in 1999.[1]
An early monastery called "Lhundrub" was located here, belonging to the New Tantra Tradition School ofRinchen Zangpo.[15] It appears to have been adapted by theGelugpa school at a later time. It is currently referred to as Lhundrub Chode monastery.[16]
Rudok is over 4,000 m. above sea-level. The winter climate of Rudok and of all the towns of the Tsangpo basin, owing to the intense dryness of the air and the light fall of snow, seems to be bracing and exhilarating rather than severe.[3]
According toEncyclopedia Britannica, Rudok was historically an integral part of Ladakh, and it was also geographically and culturally a part of Ladakh.[3] In the vicinity of Rudok are ancientpetroglyphs which resemble those of Gilgit and Ladakh.[14] They were chiselled using stone tools, and depict animals, human figures andBön symbols. They are believed to have been carved prior to the 7th century when Ladakh as well as Rudok were part of theZhangzhung empire based in theSutlej Valley.[17][18]
After the Zhangzhung empire was conquered by theYarlung dynasty of Central Tibet, both Ladakh and Rudok came under Tibetan control. Roughly two hundreds later (around 900 CE), the Tibetan Empirefragmented with the assassination of the emperorLangdarma. One of Langdarma's descendants,Kyide Nyimagon, founded a new empire in Western Tibet (Ngari Khorsum). After his death, the kingdom was divided among his three sons. Ladakh and Rutog were among the inheritance ofLhachen Palgyigon, the eldest son, who established the kingdom ofMaryul in modern day Ladakh. The second son receivedGuge andPurang. One late source states that Rudok was included in Guge rather than Maryul, which might indicate that it did not stay long with the descendants of Palgyigon and fell into Guge's orbit.[19] However, the levels of controls shifted between Maryul and Guge through history. Rudok can be expected to have had influence from both of them, but mostly controlled by local chieftains.
In 1950, as thePeople's Republic of China sent forces toLhasa in order toannex Tibet, it also sent a small force fromKhotan inXinjiang to western Tibet, taking its people by surprise.[20] According to Indian intelligence, the force travelled via the Keriya Pass toGar Gunsa (Gartok) via a tedious route and arrived there in June 1951.[21] Chinese accounts seem to corroborate this information. In October, the Chinese started to explore the possibility of opening a road route to Xinjiang via Rudok (through Keriya La).[21] In late 1952, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment based at Gartok garrisoned Rudok with 150 men and 800 camels.[22] The Indian trade agent stationed at Gartok was denied permission to visit trade marts at Rudok.[23] By 1953, the Chinese had a motorable jeep track between Xinjiang and Rudok.[21]
During the negotiations for the1954 trade agreement with India, the Chinese declined to allow trade between Ladakh and Rudok, bringing to an end a centuries-old trading relationship. Indian negotiators believed it was due to the presence of military installations in the area.[24]An alternative route toTashigang viaDemchok was agreed and incorporated in the agreement.[25]
During the1962 war, China stationed a battalion of forces at Rudok (Ritu Dzong), a battalion at the Indus crossing, and a cavalry regiment atJiagang for operations in theDemchok sector (Parigas/Balijiasi). Jiagang also functioned as the command headquarters. Starting around 26/27 October, the forces attacked the Indian border posts at the Demchok village, and Jara La and Chang La passes, and forced them to withdraw to the west of the Indus river. The Demchok sector has since been divided between the two countries.[26]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rudok".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 815.
