| Royal Danish Air Force | |
|---|---|
| Flyvevåbnet | |
 Badge of the Royal Danish Air Force | |
| Founded | 1 October 1950; 75 years ago (1950-10-01) |
| Country |  Denmark |
| Type | Air force |
| Role | Aerial warfare |
| Size | 3,476 personnel + 100 conscripts[1] 118 aircraft[2] |
| Part of | Danish Armed Forces |
| Stable belt |  |
| Engagements | |
| Website | www |
| Commanders | |
| Chief of the Air Command | Major General Jan Dam[3][4] |
| Chief Master Sergeant of the RDAF | René Hinrich[5] |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |  |
| Fin flash | .svg) |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | F-35 Lightning II |
| Helicopter | Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk,Eurocopter Fennec,AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin |
| Patrol | Bombardier CL-604 Challenger |
| Trainer | Saab MFI-17 Supporter |
| Transport | Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules |
TheRoyal Danish Air Force (Danish:Flyvevåbnet,lit. 'The Flying weapon') (RDAF) is theaerial warfare force ofthe Kingdom of Denmark and one of the four branches of theDanish Armed Forces.[6] Initially being components of the Army and the Navy, it was made a separate service in 1950. Its main purpose is to serve as enforcer of Danish airspace and to provide air support to Danish group troops on the battlefield.[7]
TheRoyal Danish Air Force (RDAF) was formed as a military service independent from theRoyal Danish Army andRoyal Danish Navy in 1950 from the merger of theRoyal Danish Army Air Corps (Danish:Hærens Flyvertropper) founded on 2 July 1912[8] and theRoyal Danish Naval Air Service (Danish:Marinens Flyvevæsen) which had been founded on 14 December 1911.[9] All military aviation had been prohibited during theNazi occupation from 1940 to 1945 and so as ofV-E Day the Danish armed forces had no aircraft, but theLuftwaffe had built or expanded air bases in Denmark.
The firstChief of the air force was Lieutenant GeneralCarl Christian Jacob Førslev, who had previously served as a colonel in the army and as first commander of the Danish Army Air Corps. The national command was located atVærløse Air Base which also served as Command East, while Command West was located atAir Base Karup in central Jutland. Royal Air Force volunteer and former member of theFree Norwegian Forces in England, Kaj Birksted, was appointed chief of the flying staff. The rivalries and mutual disrespect between the established officer Førslev, who had never been in air combat himself, and the experienced fighter ace Birksted led to a series of misunderstandings which delayed the operationalization of the air force. Further, the East and West commands lacked experience and knowledge of the newly delivered Gloster Meteor and F-84 Thunderjet aircraft.
TheDanish armed forces received 38 surplusSupermarine Spitfire H. F. Mk. IXE[10] and 3P.R.Mk. XI in 1947–48[11] plus four additional airframes for ground instruction, which were operated by units of the Hærens Flyvertropper and Marinens Flyvevæsen prior to their merger, and by the Royal Danish Air Force until 1956, when the last examples were retired and all but two scrapped.
One survived for a number of years in a children's playground. The one surviving instructional airframe was later restored to depict the number '401' Spitfire Mk. IX. This airplane is now preserved atDansk Veteranflysamling at Stauning Airfield inJutland.[12]
Pilot training was initially based atAvnø from May 1946 until 1951, when the school were transferred to the U.S. under the "Military Assistance Programme". The school at Avnø continued to conduct tests to choose the candidates for the American training programme. In 1947 the RDAF established a school for aircraft mechanics, based at Værløse Air Base.[13] In 1951, the RDAF officers school was inaugurated at Rungstedlund north of Copenhagen, while airmen were educated at Værløse.
The air force received sixF-84E Thunderjet and 238F-84G Thunderjet as military aid from the US, and formed five new squadrons (726 to 730) at Karup Air Base from 1952 to 1954. The rapid expansion caused problems as neither two-seaters nor flight simulators were available, causing 89 crashed F-84s and 40 pilot casualties. Some casualties were due to the lack of experience in the newly formed air force while others stemmed from the tactics introduced by American WWII andKorean War-veterans based on fast and low flying attacks to avoid anti-aircraft fire.
To avoid further casualties the air force established a training squadron of two-seatedT-33As in 1956 to train US-educated pilots to navigate under local weather conditions. Furthermore,Eskadrille 722 was changed to function as rescue squadron in 1956 and was strengthened by sevenSikorsky S-55 helicopters in 1957. Finally,Air Chief MarshalHugh Saunders from Royal Air Force was employed in 1954 to reorganize the air force which led to the merger of Command East and West, forming Flyvertaktisk Kommando (Air Tactical Command) with the initial mission to lower the number of crashes during training.
In 1962, the Royal Danish Army's fourSAM batteries based onNike missiles were transferred to the air force. They were intended to defend Copenhagen against Soviet ballistic missiles and high altitude bombers, and based at Eskadrille 531 inGunderød, Eskadrille 532 atKongelunden onAmager, Eskadrille 533 inSigerslev and Eskadrille 534 inTune. In 1965 four batteries ofHawk missiles were deployed close to the Nike batteries to protect them from low altitude aircraft.
In 1968, Denmark became the first of three export customers for theSaab 35 Draken (Kite/Dragon). Ever since 1966 the Danish government had started looking for an aircraft to replace two squadrons of Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft and North American F-100 Super Sabre fighter/ground attacker aircraft. A number of candidates were considered and these were: the Douglas A-4F Skyhawk, Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter, Vought A-7 Corsair II, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Dassault Mirage III/5 and Saab's Draken. The F-5 and Mirage 5 were the favourites while the Draken was one of the least popular since it had poor payload/range performance and could not carry heavy weapon loads. In response to the Kongelige Danske Flyvevåben's (Royal Danish Air Force's) initial dislike, Saab decided to create a new Draken variant that would put it on the top of the competition shortlist.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the RDAF operated a number ofUS financedLockheed F-104G Starfighters,North American F-100D and F-100F Super Sabres, and several other types.
The first DanishDraken, designated F35, delivery took place on 1 September 1970 when three F35s were delivered to Karup Air Base. They were later followed by another 17 F35s and six TF35s. Since the F35s lacked radar, they replaced F-100Ds in the ground attack role. However, Sidewinder AAMS could be carried for self-defence. The six trainers were delivered between 1970 and 1972 and the F35s were delivered between 1970 and 1971.
In 1971, the Danish army created the Royal Danish Army Flying Service as the first air-unit outside the air force, since its creation in 1950. It had observation helicopters and piston-engined artillery spotting aeroplanes. In 1977 theDanish Naval Air Squadron was extracted from squadron 722 to the Danish navy, and it had ship-based helicopters. In a joint arms purchase four NATO countries:Denmark,Norway,Netherlands, andBelgium introduced the General DynamicsF-16 Fighting Falcon as their common strike fighter in January 1980. The F-16 was later bought by additional NATO countries,Greece andTurkey, and theUnited States of America, also a NATO member operates the F-16.
In 1982, the number of fighter aircraft was reduced by 12 units. The General Dynamics F-16 was introduced to replace initially the F-100 and later the F-104G. The Royal Danish Naval Air Service was strengthened by eight Westland Lynx Mk. 80 from 1980, replacing the Alouette III helicopters. As a supplement to the Greenland-based C-130s the air force purchased three Gulfstream G-III.[14]
In 1990, the Danish Army Air Corps purchased 12Eurocopter Fennec lightweight attack helicopters to strengthen capabilities to perform expeditionary mission. The helicopters were transferred to RDAF in 2003.
In 1992, during the Yugoslavian civil wars, the RDAF C-130 Hercules aircraft were used for transport of the 900 Danish troops participating in the UN-led mission to the Balkans. In 1996, a C-130 joined the NATO On-Call International Airlift Pool along with a Gulfstream aircraft. The Gulfstreams were replaced by Challenger planes the following year, when the Danish government ordered the three Challengers in current use.
In 1999, following the end of theCold War, the Danish air force was re-organised to be an "expeditionary" air force, capable of supporting international operations worldwide – but at the same time still being able to uphold its domestic air and seaward defence commitments. The same year, an expeditionary force of 9 F-16s to join theOperation Allied Force is approved in parliament.
In 2002, Denmark joined theF-35 Joint Strike Fighter Team, and eventually up to 48 F-35s could be bought to replace the F-16s.
In October 2002, a tri-national detachment of 18 Danish,Dutch, andNorwegianF-16 fighter-bombers, with one DutchKC-10tanker, flew to theManas Air Base inKyrgyzstan, in support of the NATO ground forces inAfghanistan as part of theOperation Enduring Freedom.
In 2004, the olderC-130H Hercules fleet of three transport aircraft (bought by the government in 1973) was replaced by three of the more-advanced and stretchedC-130J transport aircraft. A fourth C-130J joined in 2007.
In 2005, a modification program (Mid Life Update) was completed on the remaining F-16 aircraft. The modification programme, started in 1995, introduced a new mission computer, colour multifunction displays, and other avionic improvements.
.jpg)
In 2003, 16H-500 Cayuse and 13Eurocopter AS550C2 Fennec from the Army Air Corps and eightWestland Lynx Mk. 90B from the Naval Air Squadron were supposed to be transferred to the air force. The 16 Cayuse and 13 Fennec helicopters were transferred to the newly re-formed DanishSquadron 724. The eight Lynx helicopters were supposed to enter another re-formed squadron,Squadron 728, but for political reasons those helicopters remained with the Navy. This change of "ownership" of the naval helicopters became effective on 1 January 2011 when the naval helicopters joined the newly formedSquadron 723.
In 2005, the 16 Cayuses were decommissioned, and also one of the Fennecs. The remaining 12 Fennecs took over many of the tasks from the Cayuses, including support-functions of theDanish police.
In 2006, the air force signed aletter of intent to purchase several of the Boeing Integrated DefenseC-17 Globemaster III. That order needs to be confirmed, but it is to be made on the basis of the formation of a sharedNATO C-17 air fleet to support international deployments. Denmark has later withdrawn from this arrangement but it is in existence today. SeeNATO Strategic Airlift Capability. The United States and the United Kingdom have already bought numerous C-17s, and several other NATO countries are considering doing so, too.In June 2007, Denmark's sixEH101 transport helicopters were transferred to the BritishRoyal Air Force to meet an urgent British requirement for additional transport helicopters.[15] In 2009 six replacement EH-101 were delivered to the RDAF from AgustaWestland Yeowil and paid for by the UK.
In June 2010, theSikorsky S-61 SAR helicopter was withdrawn from service.
The Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization (DALO), short listed five helicopters as potential replacements for the Lynx with around 12 new naval helicopters needed. The Sikorsky/Lockheed MH-60R, the NH90/NFH, H-92, AW159 and EH-101 were on the short list and a Request For Proposal was issued on 30 September 2010. Ultimately the air force decided to buy nineSikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters.[citation needed]
In 2014, RDAF flew F-16 fighter jets in Greenland for the first time, testing the operational capabilities of maintaining sovereignty of the vast arctic airspace.[16]
In 2005 the RDAF requested information about the possible procurement of a replacement for the F-16 fighter aircraft from the producers of theGripen,Rafale,Eurofighter and Joint Strike Fighter, to which the RDAF has been a partner since 1997. Due to this fact Rafale-producer, Dassault Aviation, decided not to participate in the information round as they considered it to be biased towards the JSF option. This also led to the withdrawal of the Eurofighter in 2007, reentering in 2012. Meanwhile, theBoeing F-18 Super Hornet entered the competition in 2008. After several delays, a request for binding information was sent to the four candidates in April 2014 expecting a final decision in mid-2015.[17][18] On 9 June 2016, the Danish Defence Committee agreed to purchase 27 F-35As to succeed the F-16.[19] The price tag is US$3 billion.[20]
In January 2020, Lockheed Martin announced that assembly had begun on L-001, the first of 27 F-35As destined for the Royal Danish Air Force.[21] The first F-35 was transferred to the Danish Air Force on 7 April 2021 (the aircraft remained in USA for training).[22][23]
On 14 September 2023, the first four F-35A fighters arrived atSkrydstrup air base after a transfer flight from Lockheed Martin's facilities in the US.[24]
On 6 December 2024, another four F-35A fighters were delivered to the Danish Fighter Wing at Skrydstrup Air Base after departing from the US.[25]
In June 2025, the air force announced its intention to join theNATO MMR fleet with a requested capacity of 2Airbus A330 MRTT, scheduled for delivery in 2028 and 2029.[26]
In October 2025, Denmark approved the purchase of 16 additional F-35A, raising its planned fleet to 43 units to strengthen national and Arctic defense capabilities. The acquisition also includes infrastructure, training, and maintenance support, with future integration ofCollaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) drones alongside the F-35s.[27]
The Royal Danish Air Force Command was headquartered atKarup Air Base and tasked to train, maintain and prepare the army for war. However operational control in peacetime rested with the Tactical Air Command. In wartime the air force's commander would have become the commander of Allied Air Forces Baltic Approaches (AIRBALTAP). AIRBALTAP commanded all flying units, flying reinforcements, all ground-based radar systems and stations, all air defence units and airfields in its sector. In war the entire Royal Danish Air Force would have come under AIRBALTAP.
In 1989 the Royal Danish Air Force consisted of the following units:
.jpg)
Fighter Wing
Air Transport Wing
Air Defence Wing
Helicopter Wing, Air Control Wing & Operations Support Wing
.svg)
Prince's Music Corps, originally from the army'sPrince's Life Regiment[31]
.jpg)
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat aircraft | |||||
| F-16 Fighting Falcon | United States | Multirole | F-16AM | 31[2] | Phasing out |
| F-35 Lightning II | United States | Multirole | F-35A | 15[45] | 6 on order from the first order (first order total 27, including 6 based in USA for training). 16 additional to be acquired (second order) for a total of 43. Also several unmanned Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) will be acquired.[46] |
| Maritime patrol | |||||
| Challenger 604 | Canada | Patrol /Surveillance /VIP | CL-604 | 4[47] | |
| Transport | |||||
| C-130J Super Hercules | United States | Tactical airlifter | C-130J-30 | 4 | |
| Helicopters | |||||
| AS550 Fennec | France | Utility | AS550C2 | 11[2] | |
| SH-60 Seahawk | United States | ASW /SAR | MH-60R | 9[2] | Flown for theDanish Navy |
| EH-101 | Italy/United Kingdom | SAR / Transport | Mk.512 | 14[2] | Ordered from the European Helicopter Industries venture in 2002. Delivered by AugustaWestland in 2007 |
| Trainer aircraft | |||||
| MFI-17 Supporter | Sweden | Basic trainer | 25[2] | ||
| F-16 Fighting Falcon | United States | Conversion trainer | F-16BM | 10[2] | Phasing out |
| F-35 Lightning II | United States | Multirole | F-35A | 6[2] | Aircraft based atLuke AFB, USA and used for training purposes |
| UAV | |||||
| General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper | United States | UCAV | MQ-9B SkyGuardian | 4 on order[48] | |
| Model | Image | Origin | Type | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deployment systems | |||||
Deployerbare containermoduler til F-35 | – | Denmark | Container modules for F-35 operations | – | [49] Deployment kit for the F-35 based on container modules. It is designed to be facilities for pilots, mechanics and command to plan the missions, to have briefings. |
UNIC URW-706 | – | Japan | Mini-crawler telescopic crane | – | [50][51] |
| Model | Image | Origin | Type | Role | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stationary radars | ||||||
 Left tower | United Kingdom | 3D. L-band, solid state phased array radar | Long-range air surveillance radar | 1 | [52] Radar tower on Bornholm. | |
| Italy | 3D. L-band, solid state phased array radar | Long-range air surveillance radar | 1 | [52] Radar tower in Skagen. | |
| Mobile radars | ||||||
 Illustration | United States | 3D,AESA,L-band, mobile radar | Long-range air surveillance radar | 2 | [52][53] Modernised in 2023.[54] | |
Thomson-CSF RAC 3D |  | France | 3D,PESA, mobile radar | Short range warning radar | 4 | [52][55][56] Being replaced byGM200 MM/C.[57] |
| Terminal Manoeuvring Area radars (TMA) | ||||||
Indra Sistemas PSR 2D | _(cropped).jpg) | Spain | 2D, S band air traffic control radar | Primary radar (PSR, short-range search radar) and secondary radar (MSSR, an identification radar) | 3 | [58][59] Installed in Aalborg, Karup and Skrydstrup |
| Model | Image | Origin | Type | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fire vehicles | |||||
E-One Eagle 6 | .jpg) | United States | Airport crash tender | – | [60][61] Entered service in 2001. Being replaced by thePanther 6×6.[60] |
.jpg) | Austria | Airport crash tender | 16 (option for 8 more) | [60][62] Entering service in 2025. | |
 Illustration (same colour and generation) | Japan (design) (manufacturer) | Firefighting command vehicle | – | [63] | |
| Trucks | |||||
 Illustration | Sweden | Low entry truck | 3 | [64] | |
 Illustration | Sweden | Support fighter jet trucks | 5 | [65] | |
| Model | Image | Origin | Type | Role | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Netherlands | Digital 4D, | Air surveillance (very short to medium range) | 5 | [66][67][57] |
The rank insignia ofcommissioned officers.
| NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Royal Danish Air Force[68] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | _Sleeve.svg) | |||||||||||||
| General | Generalløjtnant | Generalmajor | Brigadegeneral | Oberst | Oberstløjtnant | Major | Kaptajn | Premierløjtnant | Løjtnant | Sekondløjtnant | ||||||||||||||
| Danish Pay Grade[69] | M406 | M405 | M404 | M403 | M402 | M401 | M332 M331 M322 | M321 | M312 | M311 | M310 | |||||||||||||
The rank insignia ofnon-commissioned officers andenlisted personnel.
| NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Danish Air Force[68] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chefsergent | Seniorsergent | Oversergent | Sergent | Sergent (Officerselev) | Korporal | Flyverspecialist | Flyveroverkonstabel | Flyverkonstabel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Danish Pay Grade[69] | M232 | M231 | M221 | M212 | M211 | M113 | M112 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)https://www.forsvaret.dk/da/materiel2/f-35---danmarks-nye-kampfly/f-35-ofte-stillede-sporgsmal/
