Ruse (also transliterated asRousse,Russe;Bulgarian:Русе[ˈrusɛ]) is thesixth-largest city inBulgaria. Ruse is in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of theDanube, opposite the Romanian city ofGiurgiu, approximately 67 km (42 mi) south ofBucharest,Romania's capital, 172 km (107 mi) fromVarna, and 249 km (155 mi) from the capitalSofia. Thanks to its location and its railway and road bridge over theDanube (Danube Bridge), it is the most significant Bulgarian river port, serving an important part of the international trade of the country. It is the12th-largest of all cities on the river Danube.
Ruse is known for its 19th- and 20th-centuryNeo-Baroque andNeo-Rococo architecture, which attracts many tourists. It is often called theLittle Vienna.[2][3] TheRuse-Giurgiu Friendship Bridge, until 14 June 2013 the only one in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river here.
Ruse is on the right bank of the river Danube, which is the high bank, having two underwater terraces and threeriver terraces at 15 to 22 m (49.21–72.18 ft), 30 to 66 m (98.43–216.54 ft), and 54 to 65 m (177.17–213.25 ft). The average altitude is 45.5 m (149.28 ft)AMSL. The urban area is an approximately 11-km ellipse running along the river. The city extends from the land-connected Matey (Матей) island and the mouth ofRusenski Lom on the west to Srabcheto (Сръбчето) hill on the east. During the 20th century, the west end of the city was significantly modified by moving the mouth ofRusenski Lom to the west, as well as by moving the bank itself with its fairway considerably to the north. Sarabair (саръбаир, from TurkishSarıbayır meaning "Yellow Slope") hill is to the south of the city and is 159 m (521.65 ft) high. TheRousse TV Tower is built there on the remains of Leventtabia, a former Turkish fortification.
History
An inscription from the Sexaginta Prista fortress
Etymology
Scholars suggest that the city on the river bank derived its present name from the Finnish rootruskea meaning "blonde", or*ru- ("river", "stream") or from theCherven fortress, meaning "red", through the rootrous, which is present in manySlavic languages.
A popular legend claims that the nameRuse comes from Finnish ruskea, or the name of a female founder of the city, whose name was Rusa, meaning "blonde hair". In the 13th and 14th centuries, during the time of theSecond Bulgarian Empire, a fortified settlement calledRusi, first mentioned in 1380, emerged near the ruins of the earlier Roman town.
Other theories include settlement by people from theRus era; a connection to the village ofRusokastro in Burgas Province; an unattested tribe ofGetae with a name such asRiusi, or; the pagan festival ofRosalia.[4]
Antiquity
The city emerged from aNeolithic settlement of the3rd to 2nd millennium BCE, when pottery, fishing, agriculture, and hunting developed. Excavations have revealed several layers, suggesting that the place was attacked by neighbouring tribes and suffered from natural disasters. Ancient sanctuaries were found nearby, where idols of a pregnant woman, a fertility goddess, were prevalent.[citation needed]
The laterThracian settlement developed into aRoman military and naval centre during the reign ofVespasian (69–70 CE), as part ofLimes Moesiae, the fortification system along the northern boundary ofMoesia. Its name,Sexaginta Prista,[5] suggests a meaning of "a city of 60 ships" (fromLatin:sexaginta — "60" andGreek:pristis — a special type of guard ship), based on the supposed 60 nearbyberths.
The fort was on the main road betweenSingidunum (modernBelgrade) and theDanube Delta and was destroyed in the 6th century byAvar andSlavic raids.[citation needed]Hungarian historianFelix Philipp Kanitz was the first to identify Sexaginta Prista with Ruse, but the Škorpil brothers demonstrated the link later through studying inscriptions, coins, graves, and objects of daily life. An inscription from the reign ofDiocletian proves that the city was rebuilt as apraesidium (a large fortification) after it was destroyed by theGoths in 250 CE.[citation needed]
The settlement was mentioned asGolyamo Yorgovo in the Middle Ages, whose present successor isGiurgiu inRomania.[citation needed]
DuringOttoman rule, theOttomans destroyed the town, reacting to a 1595 unsuccessful liberation attempt by a jointVlach-Bulgarian army, led byMichael the Brave. After its rebuilding in the following years, Ruse was dubbedRusçuk (Turkish for "little Ruse") and had again expanded into a large fortress by the 18th century. It later grew into one of the most important Ottoman towns on theDanube and an administrative centre ofTuna Vilayet, which extended fromVarna andTulcea to Sofia andNiš.
TheDunav newspaper appeared — it was the first printed in Bulgaria and inBulgarian. Some Bulgarian schools were founded. The streets are renamed and numbered for the first time in Bulgarian lands. A post office, hospital, home for the aged were founded. Three empires met here for trading:Austro-Hungary, Russia,British Empire. France and Italy opened consulates in Ruse. The modern city arose from the shades of the settlement. In 1865 the Obraztsov Chiflik was founded on the place where the English Consul's farm was; it was the first modern farm on the territory of the wholeOttoman Empire of that time.
After it became part of modern Bulgaria on 20 February 1878, Ruse was one of the key cultural and economic centres of the country. Intensive building during the period changed the city's architectural appearance to a typicalCentral European one. Ruse is known for the many first innovations in Bulgaria, including:
1867 – the first railway line linking Ruse and Varna, was launched into operation;[7]
1879 – the first agronomical school "Obraztsov chiflik", today – Agricultural scientific research institute, currently profiled in agriculture and seed science;[8]
1881 – the first steel ship in Bulgaria was built;[9]
1881 – the first privately owned Bulgarian bankGirdap;
1897 – the first movie projection. The second was a month later in the capital Sofia;[17]
Official seals of foreign consulates in Ruse
Ruse had the first Bulgarian factories for soda water, lemonade, and for neckties.[18] The first aviator Simeon Petrov was born in Ruse.[19]
In the newly liberated Bulgaria of the late 19th century, Ruse was a cosmopolitan city with a multiethnic population. According to the first census conducted in 1883, ethnic Bulgarians made up 43% of the population, Turks 39%, and Jews 7%.
"All façades on main streets of Russe shall have rich decorations with plastic stone", postulate the Regulations for Constructions of Private Buildings of 1893, issued by the Municipality of Russe.
Afterknyaz Alexander Battenberg's 1886abdication, and as a reaction to the regentship's course led by prime ministerStefan Stambolov, a group of Russophile (pro-Russian) military officers revolted in Ruse. The riot was violently crushed, and 13 of the leaders were quickly sentenced to death and executed near the city, which caused much public discontent. Decades later, in 1934, local citizens raised funds and built a monument at the place where the Russophile officers were executed. The monument was blown up in 1940 but rebuilt in 1966 at approximately the same spot.
1908 – The first factory for iron beds in Modern Bulgaria. Today Ruse is a major centre of furniture manufacturing.
1911 was marked off with the start of a project for an electrical station by "Siemens-Schukert". On 17 February 1917 Ruse became the third electrified city in the country (after Sofia and Varna).
In 1913 Belgian entrepreneurs and engineers were granted a concession for a period of 25 years and built the largest sugar factory in Bulgaria.
The Municipal casino, Ruse – 1920
1927 – the first sock-making factory in Bulgaria opened in Ruse. "Fazan" still exists today;[20]
1933 – the first oil refinery was constructed;[21]
Between World War I andII, afterSouthern Dobruja was lost to Romania, the economic significance of the city decreased. So did the population: Ruse was no longer the second-largest city in Bulgaria (after formerEast Rumelian capitalPlovdiv), being quickly surpassed bySofia andVarna. Foreign consulates were closed, except for the Russian one, which remained functional until 2022.[citation needed] Only for the period between 1919 and 1920 the capital loss is estimated at around 40 million leva.[citation needed]
The return of Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria in September 1940 fostered good conditions for the restoration of the city's leading role. It became a provincial centre, and economic activity revived. Typical for the post-war architecture of the city was the wide use of iron, concrete and glass as construction materials. Examples are the River port – 1931, the Freight station – 1935, Market Hall – 1939 and the Court house – 1940.
Communist period
The construction of theRuse-Giurgiu bridge in 1954 and the fast industrialization gave a new push to development.[citation needed] Ruse emerged again as an important economic, transport, cultural, and education hub. Engineering, chemical, and light industries expanded; a large harbor was built, and the city became a university centre. At the 1985 census, a population of more than 186,000 was reported.[citation needed]
In the early 1980s, Ruse entered a dark period. The Verachim factory was built in Giurgiu, which polluted the air between 1980 and 1991, impacting the city's development. The population decreased, and 15,000 people moved out between 1985 and 1992. The first informal organization in Bulgaria under the communist regime was established here - The Public Committee for Environmental Protection of Ruse, which provoked the first nationwide demonstrations and strongly influenced thechange to democracy. In 1991, the Romanian factory ceased the pollution, after the fall of the communist regime in Romania.[22]
Democratic Bulgaria
Rousse OperaKaneff center
Like other post-socialist regimes in eastern Europe, Bulgaria found the transition to capitalism rather painful and not as easy as expected. State-owned enterprises lost their former markets and could not adapt to the now free-market competition. This led to massive unemployment in the city and emigration waves in the 90s. Since 2000, Ruse has been continually regaining its former leading status. The urban economics were positively influenced by the2007's accession of Bulgaria and Romania in the European Union, which allowed deeper cross-border cooperation. The flow of investments through EU funds restarted long suspended projects which were finally completed.[citation needed]
In 2011, the city's centre was renovated through an EU project, worth 10 million leva. Included in the project, a Dry Deck Fountain was introduced in an urban environment for the first time in Bulgaria. The exterior of theRousse State Opera was reconditioned.[citation needed]
A water treatment facility, an investment worth 57 million Euro, is now functional.[citation needed]
In 2012, theRousse Regional Historical Museum completed a project, which allowed the rehabilitation and display of the remains of the Roman city Sexaginta Prista.
Ignat Kaneff, a Bulgarian-born Canadian business magnate, endowed about half of the amount necessary for the construction of a modern conference complex named after him, the Kaneff Centre, at theUniversity of Ruse. It was officially opened on 10 October 2013.
A landmark event for the city was the opening of the new Eco Museum & Aquarium in 2014.[citation needed]
A safer and more efficient navigation in the inland waterways was accomplished with a new structure – the river information system BulRIS. A modern oncology centre is now operating.[citation needed]
Dohodno zdanie, an imposing Neoclassical edifice in the city centre convincingly won the National competition "Emblematic building of the year" in 2014. Ruse was a host city of the first of its kind in Bulgaria – an International Ice Figures Festival.
TheArena Ruse sports hall with more than 5100 seats opened on 23 July 2015 nearly 40 years after initial construction efforts began. The project was suspended on numerous occasions due to a lack of financing. An underground parking inside the sports hall has also been completed.
On-going projects are the re-cultivation of the old landfill, worth 22,5 million leva. The biggest roundabout in the city with underpasses for pedestrians and cyclists, worth some 10 million leva was reconstructed.
Geography
Ruse is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of theDanube, opposite the Romanian city ofGiurgiu, approximately 75 km (47 mi) south ofBucharest, Romania's capital, 200 km (124 mi) from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, and 300 km (186 mi) from the capitalSofia.
Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −20 °C (−4 °F). In summer, the average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in the city centre and stay as low as 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F) during the nights. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 °C (63 and 72 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain. The highest temperature recorded was 43.7 C and the lowest was −27.7 C.
Ruse is one of the100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria. The city is known for its preserved buildings from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There are 272 monuments of culture. Most of the sights of the city are located at the center of Ruse (museums, architectural landmarks, the theater, the opera, hotels, restaurants, cafes and souvenir shops). Among the sights the following are outstanding:
The Monument of Liberty was built at the beginning of the 20th century by the Italian sculptorArnoldo Zocchi. As time went by, it gained significance as one of the city's symbols, and now forms a part of its coat of arms.
Dohodno Zdanie is an imposing Neoclassical edifice in the city centre of Ruse, built in 1898–1902 to accommodate the local theatre performances. Along with the Monument of Liberty it is a symbol of the city.
Girdap was the first privately owned Bulgarian bank. Established in Ruse in 1881, Girdap was among the six largest banks in Bulgaria, and during the wars its financial group was the most influential in the country. Today the main building houses the administration of Ruse's Chamber of Commerce and it's a favorite meeting point.
The old city centre of Ruse
The old city centre is the square around theRousse Historical Museum. The regional library "Lyuben Karavelov" is located on the square. The building is decorated with baroque ornaments- leaves, pearles and rosettes. The former bank of Ivan and Stefan Simeonov is situated at the beginning of "Aleksandrovska" street. The building is in the typical for Ruse, baroque style.43°50′39.36″N25°56′53.23″E / 43.8442667°N 25.9481194°E /43.8442667; 25.9481194
„La Butika" and the house ofElias Canetti, Nobel Prize laureate in Literature – 1981
Store „Canetti" or „La Butika" - as mentioned in the book „Die gerettete Zunge" is the trade store of the grandfather of the writer. Built in 1898 by the architect Negohos Bedrysan, it's located on „Slavianska" street. The house of the Nobel Prize laureate is located on „Gen Gurko" 13 street and is a monument of culture of a national significance.
The orthodox church "Holy Trinity" is the oldest building in the city and dates back to 1632. Being constructed during theOttoman yoke it had to be built underground, so visitors entering the temple now have to go down stairs four and a half metres (15 ft) instead of going up as it is in most churches.43°50′51.38″N25°57′23.86″E / 43.8476056°N 25.9566278°E /43.8476056; 25.9566278
The Monastery of Saint Dimitar Basarbowski is a Bulgarian-orthodox cave monastery near the city of Ruse. The oldest written mention of the monastery dates to the 15th century in an Ottoman tax register.43°46′01″N25°57′50″E / 43.76694°N 25.96389°E /43.76694; 25.96389
Kunt Kapu
Kunt Kapu was the southern gate of the Rousse fortress built in 1820, during the Ottoman Rule of Bulgaria. It is the only thing left from the fortification.
The Rousse TV Tower is a 204-metre-high TV tower built of reinforced concrete. The structure was constructed as a 206-metre-high TV tower with a cafe/restaurant on top and was the tallest one on the Balkan peninsula until 2001. In the 1990s an additional antenna was added bringing the height to 210 metres (690 feet). And, in March 2007, the antenna was reconstructed bringing its height to 204 metres (669 feet).43°49′27″N25°57′28″E / 43.82417°N 25.95778°E /43.82417; 25.95778
Natural landmarks
Site
Description
Photo
Rusenski lom (park)
Nature Park of Rusenski Lom is one of the ten nature parks of Bulgaria. It is situated along the canyon type valley of Rusenski Lom River – the last right feeder of the Danube. The park has been announced as a protected area in 1970 and embraces a territory of 3408 hectares. The park is recognized as an interesting and precious site of high aesthetic value preserving riverside terraces, meanders, high vertical rocks, areas of rich variety of species, caves, rock formations, historical monuments of national and international significance.43°37′55.56″N26°4′9.06″E / 43.6321000°N 26.0691833°E /43.6321000; 26.0691833
Lipnik park
It is situated near the village ofNikolovo, 10 km (6 mi) away from Rusе. The park's size is around 2000 hectares and the main flora consists of linden trees.
Orlova chuka cave
This cave is an archaeological reserve, located 8 km (5 mi) nearDve Mogili. The remains of prehistoric people and a cave bear were found there. The cave is the habitat of more than 10 types of bats, thousands of them living there in the winter. This is the longest cave in North Bulgaria (13 km) and the second cave by length in Bulgaria (has about 15 km (9 mi) of tunnels at 7 levels).43°35′23.68″N25°57′37.01″E / 43.5899111°N 25.9602806°E /43.5899111; 25.9602806
The Rousse Regional Historical Museum was established in 1904. It holds approximately 140,000 items, including theBorovo Treasure; the finds of excavations of the antique Danube castles Yatrus and Sexaginta Prista, and of the medieval Bulgarian city –Cherven; a collection of urban clothing, china, glass, and silver from the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century.
Roman fortress "Sexaginta Prista"
Sexaginta Prista is located at the city of Ruse. The name means "the port town of the sixty ships".
Eco Museum & Aquarium
The museum's collection includes species from theDanube valley. Visitors can see a rich exposition of fossils, prehistoric mammals anddioramas, three-dimensional replicas of nature landscapes. Exhibited in the museum are the biggest freshwater aquarium in Bulgaria and a scale model ofWoolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius).
The Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo are a group of monolithic churches, chapels and monasteries hewn out of solid rock, located near the village of Ivanovo, 20 km (12 mi) south of Ruse, on the high rocky banks of the park Rusenski Lom. The complex is noted for its well-preserved medieval frescoes. The Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo are included in theUNESCO World Heritage List since 1979.
The exposition represents the role of Ruse as a gateway towards Europe, and the influx of European urban culture into Bulgaria at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Sample interior layouts are shown, of a drawing-room, a living-room, a music hall and a bedroom, with furniture fromVienna, as well as collections of urban clothing, of jewelry and other accessories, of silverware (cutlery) and china, which mark the changes present in the daily life of Ruse citizens. The first grand piano, imported into Bulgaria from Vienna, can be seen here.
The stronghold of Cherven was one of the Second Bulgarian Empire's primary military, administrative, economic and cultural centres between the 12th and the 14th century. The ruins of the fortress are located near the village of the same name 30 to 35 km (19 to 22 mi) south of Rousse, northeastern Bulgaria.
Zahari Stoyanov was a Bulgarian revolutionary, writer, and historian. The museum shows expositions from the Bulgarian Revival period and about the life and struggles ofZahari Stoyanov.
Baba Tonka house museum is dedicated to theBulgarian National Revival and the life path of Tonka Obretenova. The Revolutionary Committee of Rousse was established here in 1872 and later became central for the whole country.
Toma Kardzhiev House Museum
The museum is dedicated to the life path of the Bulgarian revolutionary and one of the combatants for theliberation of Bulgaria – Toma Kardzhiev.
The Jewish community in Ruse built and consecrated asynagogue in 1797. It was destroyed in the 1810 fire, but two other synagogues were later built in 1826 and 1852.[25]
Economy
Economic activity
The average number of employees under labour contract in 2016 is 68 603 people, while the average annual salary – 4 683 euro, 60% higher compared to the 2007's statistics.[26] The employment rate for people from the age of 15 to 64 is 57.7%, whereas the unemployment is 12.5%.
The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with higher education is 23.6%, 3% higher than in 2007. The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with secondary education is 57.5%, 3.2% higher than in 2007. 147 300 is the number of nights spent by tourists in 2013. The total number of enterprises is 10 830.
Share of enterprises by structure from the total number of enterprises[27]
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Share of enterprises with up to 9 persons employed
88.8 %
90.0 %
90.1 %
90.9 %
90.8 %
91.0 %
91.2 %
Share of enterprises with 10–49 persons employed
8.7 %
7.9 %
7.7 %
7.2 %
7.3 %
7.2 %
7.0 %
Share of enterprises with 50–249 persons employed
2.1 %
1.9 %
1.8 %
1.6 %
1.7 %
1.6 %
1.6 %
Share of enterprises with more than 249 persons employed
0.3 %
0.3 %
0.3 %
0.3 %
0.3 %
0.2 %
0.2 %
Foreign direct investment in non-financial enterprises for 2013 is 197 million euro. The total economic output, manufactured in the city is assessed at about 1.84 billion euro, while the revenue increases with 916 000 euro compared to 2007 – to 3.1 million euro for 2013.[28]
Economic profile
East Industrial Zone
Ruse is a large industrial centre. It has a duty-free zone and 2 industrial zones: East and West.Ruse Iztok Power Plant has an energy producing capacity of 400 MW and theRuse West Power Plant has 41 MW. There are a logistics park and a business park in the city. The city's economy is dominated bylight industry — tailoring,textiles andfood processing. Big manufactures areFazan (the first factory for socks in Bulgaria),Fenix 94 (socks),Ariston S (women's fashion), Bordo (women's fashion),Danini (lady's fashion),Top Man (men's fashion),Karina (lady's fashion) andSirma Prista (dairy products).The petroleum industry and thechemical industry are represented by companies, producing paints and motor oils –Orgachim,Prista Oil,Lubrica,Megachim,EKON 91,Ninachim andPolysan. The machinery industry and ships construction are well developed. Also, one of the world's leading companies in yacht designVripack has an architecture and engineering studio in Ruse.[citation needed]
There are 65 hotels and 1,769 beds in Ruse. The income from accommodations for the fourth quarter of 2011 г. is 1,661,294 lv.[29]
Ruse is a major road and railway hub in Northern Bulgaria. Railway transportation in the city dates back to 1867 when it became a station of the first railway line in Bulgaria Ruse – Varna. There are railways to Southern Bulgaria,Sofia, Varna andBucharest. Ruse has two railway stations for passenger services (Ruse Central and Ruse Razpredelitelna) and two for freight transport services. There are intercity buses that link Ruse with cities and towns all over the country, as well as in other European nations. They are based in two bus stations: South and East.
Ruse has an extensive public transport system with 25bus andtrolleybus lines, including theRuse trolleybus system. Since the sale of all shares of the private Israeli transport holding Egged Ruse to the local municipality in 2017, trolleybus lines have been operated by the city's own public transport entity. Since July 2024, urban bus lines are also operated by the municipal public transport entity. Suburban bus lines remain under concession to various private Bulgarian transport companies. A 14 kilometer bicycle network along the main boulevards of the city has been developed and is currently in the process of expansion.
Approximately 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Ruse is the village ofShtraklevo, near which is the former military and passengerRuse Airport. It is owned by the municipality of Ruse, with an active license for small passenger and cargo flights (license issued on 21.12.2016).[30] The runway is long enough forBoeing 747s (Jumbo Jets). TheHenri Coandă International Airport inOtopeni, Romania is 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of Ruse.
TheDanube bridge is located east of Ruse. It was the only road and rail bridge between Bulgaria and Romania until the opening of a second bridge crossing to Romania on 14 June 2013 atVidin.
Ruse is the biggest Bulgarian port on the banks of the Danube. After the opening of theRhine–Main–Danube Canal which covers 3,500 km (2,175 mi) and connects 13 European countries with Asia via the Black Sea, the river becomes the longest inland waterway on the planet. This key position has determined the 19th century-long co-existence of different cultures and religions in Ruse.
Education
There is one university in Ruse – "Angel Kanchev"University of Ruse with a capacity of 15 000 students. The university's structure includes a subsidiaries inSilistra,Vidin andRazgrad. There is also a subsidiary of the College of Agriculture – Plovdiv in the city.
Ruse is the sixth largest city in Bulgaria by population. It was the most populated city of Bulgaria in 1880 with 26,163 people.[34]
The number of the residents of the city(not the municipality) reached its peak around 1990, numbering almost 200,000. According to the 2024 official estimate, Ruse was inhabited by 121,168 people within the city limits, while theRuse Municipality along with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 137,159 inhabitants.[35]
^Martinov, Krassimir; Daniela Konstantinova (12 January 2007)."Neighborly: Balkan developments".Radio Bulgaria. Archived fromthe original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved27 December 2008.... Ruse's image as The Little Vienna: a name given to the Bulgarian city for its wonderful architecture.
^"Little Vienna Under the Bridge". Sofia News Agency. 16 February 2007. Retrieved27 December 2008.Rousse's architecture inspires locals to call it the 'Little Vienna'.
^"История на Русе" (in Bulgarian). Регионален исторически музей—Русе. Archived fromthe original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved14 September 2008.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved13 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) БАН – "120 ГОДИНИ ОТ НАЧАЛОТО НА РЕДОВНИТЕ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНИ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ В БЪЛГАРИЯ."
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