Rouran Khaganate 柔然汗国 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 330–555 | |||||||||||||
 Core territories of the Rouran Khaganate | |||||||||||||
| Status | Khaganate | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Ting northwest ofGansu[1] Mumocheng[1] | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Rouran[2][3] Mongolic[4][5][6] Turkic[7][8][5] Middle Chinese (diplomacy)[5] | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Tengrism Shamanism Buddhism | ||||||||||||
| Khagan | |||||||||||||
• 330 AD | Mugulü | ||||||||||||
• 555 AD | Yujiulü Dengshuzi | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Kurultai | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Late antiquity | ||||||||||||
• Established | 330 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 555 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 405[9][10] | 2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Mongolia Russia | ||||||||||||
| Rouran | |||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 柔然 | ||||||||||||||
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| Ruru or Ruanruan | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 蠕蠕 | ||||||||||||||
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| Ruru | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 茹茹 | ||||||||||||||
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| Ruirui | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 芮芮 | ||||||||||||||
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| Rouru or Rouruan | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 蝚蠕 | ||||||||||||||
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| Tantan | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 檀檀 | ||||||||||||||
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TheRouran Khaganate (Chinese:柔然;Róurán), also known asRuanruan orJuan-juan (蠕蠕;Ruǎnruǎn) (or variouslyJou-jan,Ruruan,Ju-juan,Ruru,Ruirui,Rouru,Rouruan orTantan),[11][12] was a tribal confederation and later state. The Rouran state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic. As the ancient sources regard the Rouran as a separate branch of theXiongnu[13]Book of Song andBook of Liang connected Rourans to the earlier Xiongnu[14][15] while theBook of Wei connected them toProto-MongolicDonghu.[16][17] The Rouran supreme rulers used the title ofkhagan, a popular title borrowed from theXianbei.[18] The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territory that covered all of modern-dayMongolia andInner Mongolia, as well as parts ofManchuria inNortheast China,Eastern Siberia,Xinjiang, andKazakhstan. TheHephthalites werevassals of the Rouran Khaganate until the beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites.[19][20] The Rouran Khaganate ended when they were defeated by aGöktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of theTurks in world history.
Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly becameTatars[7][21] while others possibly migrated west and became thePannonian Avars (known by such names asVarchonites orPseudo Avars), who settled inPannonia (centred on modernHungary) during the 6th century.[22][23] These Avars were pursued into theByzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them. While this Rouran-Avars link remains a controversial theory, a recent DNA study has confirmed the genetic origins of the Avar elite as originating from the Mongolian plains.[24] Other theories instead link the origins of the Pannonian Avars to peoples such as theUar.
An imperial confederation, the Rouran Khaganate was based on the "distant exploitation of agrarian societies", although according toNikolay Kradin the Rouran had a feudal system, or "nomadic feudalism". The Rouran controlled trade routes, and raided and subjugated oases and outposts such asGaochang. They are said to have shown the signs of "both an early state and a chiefdom". The Rouran have been credited as "a band of steppe robbers", because they adopted a strategy of raids and extortion of Northern China. The Khaganate was an aggressive militarized society, a "military-hierarchical polity established to solve the exclusively foreign-policy problems of requisitioning surplus products from neighbouring nations and states."[1]
Róurán 柔然 is aClassical Chinese transcription of theendonym of the confederacy;[25] meanwhile, 蠕蠕Ruǎnruǎn ~Rúrú (Book of Wei), whichconnoted something akin to "wriggling worm" , was used derogatorily in Tuoba-Xianbei sources.[26][27][28] Other transcriptions are 蝚蠕Róurú ~Róuruǎn (Book of Jin); 茹茹Rúrú (Book of Northern Qi,Book of Zhou,Book of Sui); 芮芮Ruìruì (Book of Qi,Book of Liang,Book of Song), 大檀Dàtán and 檀檀Tántán (Book of Song). However, Baumer (2018), while acknowledging thatRuanruan (蠕蠕) was a "derogatory pun" onRouran (柔然), proposes that the ethnonymRouran (柔然) is indeed derived from the nameRuru (茹茹) orRuirui (芮芮) of a "tribal father".[a][30]
Mongolian Sinologist Sükhbaatar suggestsNirun Нирун as the modern Mongolian term for theRouran, as Нирун resembles reconstructed Chinese forms beginning with *ń- or *ŋ-.Rashid-al-Din Hamadani recordedNiru'un andDürlükin as two divisions of the Mongols.[31]
Klyastorny reconstructed the ethnonym behind the Chinese transcription 柔然Róurán (LHC: *ńu-ńan;EMC: *ɲuw-ɲian > LMC: *riw-rian) as *nönör and compares it toMongolic нөкүрnökür "friend, comrade, companion" (Khalkha нөхөрnöhör). According to Klyashtorny, *nönör denotes "stepnaja vol'nica" "a free, roving band in the steppe, the 'companions' of the early Rouran leaders". In early Mongol society, anökür was someone who had left his clan or tribe to pledge loyalty to and serve a charismatic warlord; if this derivation were correct,Róurán 柔然 was originally not an ethnonym, but a social term referring to the dynastic founder's origins or the core circle of companions who helped him build his state.[32]
However, Golden identifies philological problems: the ethnonym should have been *nöŋör to be cognate tonökür, & possible assimilation of -/k/- to -/n/- in Chinese transcription needs further linguistic proofs. Even if 柔然 somehow transmittednökür, it more likely denoted the Rouran's status as the subjects of theTuoba. Before being used as an ethnonym, Rouran had originally been the byname of chief Cheluhui (車鹿會), possibly denoting his status "as aWei servitor".[29]
TheBook of Song andBook of Liang, which are primary sources connected Rouran to the earlierXiongnu while theBook of Wei traced the Rouran's origins back to theDonghu,[33] generally agreed to beProto-Mongols.[17] Xu proposed that "the main body of the Rouran were of Xiongnu origin" and Rourans' descendants, namely Da Shiwei (aka Tatars), contained Turkic elements, besides the MongolicXianbei.[7] Even so, theXiongnu's language is still unknown[34] and Chinese historians routinely ascribed Xiongnu origins to various nomadic groups, yet such ascriptions do not necessarily indicate the subjects' exact origins: for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Turkic-speakingGöktürks andTiele as well as Para-Mongolic-speakingKumo Xi andKhitans.[34] According to Savelyev and Jeong (2020), the Xiongnu resulted from the admixture of two groups, Turkic origin group which brought by eastern Eurasian genetic substratum andIranian Saka group (likeChandman). They further write The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic and Arguably, these Iranian-speaking groups were assimilated over time by the predominant Turkic-speaking part of the Xiongnu population.[35][36]
Kwok Kin Poon additionally proposes that the and Rouran were descended specifically from Donghu's Xianbei lineage,[37] i.e. fromXianbei who remained in the easternEurasian Steppe after most Xianbei had migrated south and settled inNorthern China.[38]Genetic testing on Rourans' remains suggested Donghu-Xianbei paternal genetic contribution to Rourans.[39]
_526-539_CE.png)
The founder of the Rouran Khaganate,Yujiulü Shelun, was descended fromMugulü, a slave of theXianbei. Rouran women were commonly taken as wives or concubines by the Xianbei.[41][42][43]
After the Xianbei migrated south and settled in Chinese lands during the late 3rd century AD, the Rouran made a name for themselves as fierce warriors. However they remained politically fragmented until 402 AD when Shelun gained support of all the Rouran chieftains and united the Rouran under one banner. Immediately after uniting, the Rouran entered a perpetual conflict withNorthern Wei, beginning with a Wei offensive that drove the Rouran from theOrdos region. The Rouran expanded westward and defeated the neighboringTiele people and expanded their territory over theSilk Roads, even vassalizing theHephthalites which remained vassals until the beginning of the 5th century.[44][45]
The Hepthalites migrated southeast due to pressure from the Rouran and displaced theYuezhi inBactria, forcing them to migrate further south. Despite the conflict between theHephthalites and Rouran, the Hephthalites borrowed much from their eastern overlords, in particular the title of "Khan" which was first used by the Rouran as a title for their rulers.[45]
The Rouran were considered vassals (chen) byTuoba Wei. By 506 they were considered a vassal state (fanli). Following the growth of the Rouran and the turning of Wei into a classical Chinese state, they were considered partners of equal rights by Wei (lindi gangli).[45][Chinese script needed]
In 424, the Rouran invaded Northern Wei but were repulsed.[46]
In 429, Northern Wei launched a major offensive against the Rouran and killed a large number of people.[44]
The Chinese are foot soldiers and we are horsemen. What can a herd of colts and heifers do against tigers or a pack of wolves? As for the Rouran, they graze in the north during the summer; in autumn, they come south and in winter raid our frontiers. We have only to attack them in summer in their pasture lands. At that time their horses are useless: the stallions are busy with the fillies, and the mares with their foals. If we but come upon them there and cut them off from their grazing and their water, within a few days they will be either taken or destroyed.[44]
In 434, the Rouran entered a marriage alliance withNorthern Wei.[47] In 443, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran.[44] In 449, the Rouran were defeated in battle by Northern Wei.[48] In 456, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran.[44] In 458, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran.[44]
In 460, the Rouran subjugated theAshina tribe residing around modernTurpan and resettled them in theAltai Mountains.[49] The Rouran also ousted the previous dynasty ofGaochang (the remnants of theNorthern Liang) and installed Kan Bozhou as its king.[44]
In 492, EmperorTuoba Hong sent 70 thousand horsemen against the Rouran. The outcome of the expedition does not appear in Chinese sources. According toNikolay Kradin, since Chinese sources don't mention the outcome of the expedition, it is probable that it was unsuccessful.[1] Kradin notes that, possibly strained after the battle with Wei, the Rourans were not able to prevent the Uighur chief Abuzhiluo from heading "a 100 thousand tents" west, in a series of events that led to the overthrowing and killing ofDoulun Khan.[1] Two armies were sent in pursuit of the rebels, one led by Doulun, the other by Nagai, his uncle. The Rouran emerged victorious. In the war against the Uighurs, Doulan fought well, but his uncle Nagai won all the battles against the Uighurs. Thus, the soldiers thought that Heaven didn't favor Doulan anymore, and that he should be deposed in favor of Nagai. The latter declined. Nonetheless, the subjects killed Doulan and murdered his next of kin, installing Nagai on the throne. In 518, Nagai married the sorceress Diwan, conferring her the title ofkhagatun for her outstanding service.[1]
Between 525 and 527, Rouran was employed by Northern Wei in the suppression of rebellions in their territory, with the Rourans then plundering the local population.[1]
The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, KhaganYujiulü Anagui's daughterPrincess Ruru, to be married to the Han Chinese ruler of theEastern Wei,Gao Huan.[50]
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The Rouran were involved in manyroyal intermarriage (also known asheqin in China), with theNorthern Yan as well as theNorthern Wei dynasty and its successorsEastern andWestern Wei, which were fighting each other, and each seeking the support of the Rouran to defeat the other. Both parties, in turn, took the initiative of proposing such marriages to forge important alliances or solidify relations.[citation needed]
In the 1970s, theTomb of Princess Linhe was unearthed in Ci County, Hebei. It contained artistically invaluable murals, a mostly pillaged but still consistent treasure, Byzantine coins and about a thousand vessels and clay figurines. Among the latter was the figurine of ashaman, standing in a dancing posture and holding a saw-like instrument. This figurine is thought to reflect the young princess' Rouran/nomadic roots.[51]
On one occasion, in 540, the Rourans allegedly attacked Western Wei reportedly with a million warriors because a Rouran princess reported being dissatisfied with being second toEmperor Wendi's principal wife.[51]
The firstkhaganShelun is said to have concluded a "treaty of peace based on kinship" (huoqin) with the rulers of theJin.[1] The royal house of Rouran is also said to have intermarried with the royal house of the Hephthalites in the 6th century.[19]
Since the time of Shelun Khan, the khans were bestowed with additional titles at their enthronement. After 464, starting with Yucheng Khan they started to use epoch names, in imitation of the Chinese. The Rouran dignitaries of the ruling elite also adopted nicknames referring to their deeds, similar to the titles the Chinese bestowed posthumously. Kradin notes that this practice is analogous with that of later Mongolian chiefs. There appears to have been a wide circle composing the nomadic aristocracy, including elders, chieftains and military commanders. The grandees could be high or low ranking. According to Kradin, the khagan could confer titles as rewards for services rendered and outstanding deeds. He cites an example of this; an event occurred in 518, when Nagai entitled the sorceress Diwaikhagatun, taking her as his wife, and gave a compensation, a post and a title to Fushengmou, her then former husband.[1] The Rouran titles includedmofu,mohetu (cf. Mongolian batur,baghatur),mohe rufei (cf. Mongolianbaga köbegün),hexi,sili andsili-mohe,totoufa,totouteng,sijin (cf. Turkic irkin),xielifa (cf. Turkic eltäbär).
It is known that in 521 Khagan Anagui was given two bondmaids as a gift from the Chinese, while Khagan Shelun is said to have once declared that the soldiers who fought outstandingly would receive captives. However, "there is nothing in the sources about the enslavement of prisoners of war".[1] There is, however, evidence that the Rouran resettled people in the steppe.[1]
Initially the Rouran chiefs, having no letters to make records, "counted approximately the number of warriors by using sheep'sdroppings".[1] Later, they made records using notches on wood. A later source claims that the Rouran later adopted the Chinese written language for diplomatic relations,[5] and under Anagui, started to write internal records. According to the same source, there were also many literate people among the Rouran by that time.[1] Kradin notes that the level of literacy "based on the knowledge of written Chinese" was rather high, and that it didn't affect only the elite and the immigrants, but also some cattle-breeders were able to use Chinese ideograms.[1] In theBook of Song there is a story of an educated Rouran "whose knowledge shamed a wise Chinese functionary". There is no record of monuments erected by the Rouran, though there is evidence of the latter requesting doctors, weavers and other artisans to be sent from China.[1]
Imitating the Chinese, Anagui Khan introduced the use of officials at court, "surrounded himself with advisers trained in the tradition of Chinese bibliophily", and adopted a staff ofbodyguards, orchamberlains.[1]Hyun Jin Kim notes a similar use of bodyguards performing the same function in the contemporaryHunnic Empire to the west.[53] Kim also compared the "rudimentary bureaucratic organisation" of the Rourans to that of the Huns, as well as their "hierarchical, stratified structure of government".[54] Anagui's chief advisor was the Chinese Shunyu Tan, whose role is comparable to that ofYelü Chucai with the Mongols andZhonghang Yue with the Xiongnu (or Huns).[1]
Recent archeological finds in Mongolia (the Urd Ulaan Uneet Burial and Khukh Nuur Burial) suggest that the Mongolic Rouran tribes had sophisticated, wooden frame saddles and iron stirrups by at least the fourth and fifth centuries AD. Radiocarbon dating of related items date them to between the 3rd century and 6th century AD.[55] The wooden frame saddle and the iron stirrups found at these burials are one of the earliest examples found in Central and East Asia.[55]
The capital of the Rouran likely changed over time. The headquarters of the Rouran khan (ting) was said to be initially northwest ofGansu. Later the capital of the Rouran became the legendary town ofMumocheng, said to have been "encircled with two walls constructed by Liang Shu".[1] The existence of this city would be proof of early urbanization among the Rouran.[1] However, no trace of it has been found so far; its location is unknown, and debated among historians.[1]
In 461,Lü Pi, Duke of Hedong, a Northern Wei general andGrand chancellor of royal Rouran descent, died in Northern Wei. The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents.[citation needed]
In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele. In 551,Bumin of the AshinaGöktürks quelled a Tiele revolt for the Rouran and asked for a Rouran princess for his service. The Rouran refused claiming that he was only a Blacksmith slave. This angered Bumin who in response declared independence.[56][57]
Bumin entered a marriage alliance withWestern Wei, a successor state of Northern Wei, and attacked the Rouran in 552. The Rouran, now at the peak of their might, were defeated by the Turks. After a defeat atHuaihuang (in present-dayZhangjiakou,Hebei) the last great khanAnagui, realizing he had been defeated, took his own life. Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of theTurkic Khaganate after conqueringOtuken; Bumin died soon after and his sonIssik Qaghan succeeded him. Issik continued attacking the Rouran, their khaganate now fallen into decay, but died a year later in 553.[citation needed]
In 555, Turks invaded and occupied the Rouran andYujiulü Dengshuzi led 3,000 soldiers in retreat toWestern Wei.[58] He was later delivered to Turks byEmperor Gong with his soldiers under pressure fromMuqan Qaghan.[59] In the same year, Muqan annihilated the Rouran.[56][60][61] All the Rouran handed over to the Turks, reportedly with the exception of children under sixteen, were brutally killed.[1]
On 29 November 586Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), an official ofSui and a descendant of the ruling clan, died inHebei, leaving an epitaph reporting his royal descent from theYujiulü clan.[62]
According to Xu (2005), some Rouran remnants fled to the northwest of theGreater Khingan mountain range, and renamed themselves 大檀Dàtán (MC: *daH-dan) or 檀檀Tántán (MC: *dan-dan) afterTantan, the personal name of a historical Rouran Khagan. Tantan were gradually incorporated into theShiwei tribal complex and later emerged as Great-Da Shiwei (大室韋) inSuishu.[7] Klyashtorny, apud Golden (2013), reconstructed 大檀 / 檀檀 as *tatar /dadar, "the people who, [Klyashtorny] concludes, assisted Datan in the 420s in his internal struggles and who later are noted as theOtuz Tatar ("Thirty Tatars") who were among the mourners at the funeral ofBumın Qağan (see the inscriptions of Kül Tegin, E4 and Bilge Qağan, E5)".[21]
Some scholars claim that the Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim.[63] New genetic data seem to answer that question, says Walter Pohl, a historian at the University of Vienna. "We have a very clear indication that they must have come from the core of the Rouran Empire. They were the neighbors of the Chinese." "Genetically speaking, the elite Avars have a very, very eastern profile," says Choongwon Jeong, a co-author and a geneticist at Seoul National University.[64]
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That genetic data backs up two historical accounts of the Avar's origins. One sixth century Chinese source describes an enigmatic steppe people called the Rouran, one of many horse-riding nomadic groups attack their northern borders from the Mongolian steppes. The Rouran's grassland empire was reportedly defeated by rival nomads in 552. In 567, diplomats from theEastern Roman Empire reported the arrival of a new group from the east on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The newcomers called themselves the Avars, and claimed to be related to a far-off people known as the Rouran.[64]
However, it's unlikely that Rouran would have migrated to Europe in any sufficient strength to establish themselves there, due to the desperate resistances, military disasters, and massacres.[59] The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared as an entity. The last khagan fled to the court of the Western Wei, but at the demand of the Göktürks, Western Wei executed him and the nobles who accompanied him.[citation needed]
The Avars were pursued west by the Göktürks as fugitives and accused them of unlawfully usurping the imperial title of khagan and also the prestigious name of the Avars. Contemporary sources indicate the Avars were not native to the Western Steppe but came to the region after a long wandering. Nor were they native to Central Asia to the south of which lay the Hephthalite Empire which has on and off been identified with the Avars by certain scholars. Instead the Avars' origins were further to the east, a fact which has been corroborated through DNA studies of Avar individuals buried in the Pannonian Basin which have shown that they were primarily East Asian. Their pretensions to empire despite their relatively small numbers indicate descendance from a previously hegemonic power in the Far East. The first embassy of the Avars to Justinian I in 557 corresponds directly to the fall of the Rouran Khaganate in 555. The Rouran Khaganate had fallen not through gradual decline but through a sudden internal revolution led by the Göktürks, hence the still vivid memories of empire in the Avar Khagan, a fact paralleled later by theKara-Khitans who migrated a long distance west after being suddenly dislodged from northern China but still kept their pretensions to empire and defeated the Great Seljuk Empire in theBattle of Qatwan as the Western Liao. The Hephthalite Empire in southern Central Asia would not fall to the Göktürks until 560. The Hephthalites themselves had previously been vassals to the Rouran and adopted the title khagan from them. They were also already known as the Hephthalites to the Byzantines. In view of these facts a strong Rouran component in the Avar Khaganate has been seen as likely, although the khaganate later included many other peoples such as Slavs and Goths.[23]
Li et al. 2018 examined the remains of a Rouran male buried at the Khermen Tal site in Mongolia. He was found to be a carrier of the paternalhaplogroup C2b1a1b and the maternal haplogroupD4b1a2a1. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has also been detected among theXiongnu,Xianbei andGöktürks.[67][68][69]
Several genetic studies have shown that earlyPannonian Avar elites carried a large amount ofEast Asian ancestry, and some have suggested this as evidence for a connection between the Pannonian Avars and the earlier Rouran.[70] However, Savelyev & Jeong 2020 notes that there is still little genetic data on the Rouran themselves, and that their genetic relationship with the Pannonian Avars therefore still remains inconclusive.[71]
The Rouran state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language.[72] The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle and that it may be an isolate.[73]Alexander Vovin (2004, 2010)[74][75] considered the Rouran language to be an extinct non-Altaic language that is not related to any modern-day language (i.e., alanguage isolate) and is hence unrelated toMongolic. Vovin (2004) notes thatOld Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown non-Altaic language that may have been Rouran. In 2018 Vovin changed his opinion after new evidence was found through the analysis of theBrāhmī Bugut andKhüis Tolgoi inscriptions and suggests that theRouran language was in fact a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.[76] According to Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong the identification of Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi with the Rouran language remains problematic because of the dating. They further write According to Vovin (2019a), the Brāhmī Bugut inscription is dated to ca. 584–587 AD, and the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD. As both were created several decades after the Rouran Khaganate had been destroyed, it is unsafe to make conclusions on the composition of the Rouran population, or its elite, on the basis of these inscriptions.[36]
The Rourans were the first people who used the titleskhagan andkhan for their emperors, replacing thechanyu of theXiongnu. The etymology of the title chanyu is controversial: there are Mongolic,[77] Turkic,[78] and Yeniseian versions.[18][79]
| Personal name | Regnal name[80][81] | Reign | Era names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yujiulü Shelun | Qiudoufa Khagan (丘豆伐可汗) | 402–410 | |
| Yujiulü Hulü | Aikugai Khagan (藹苦蓋可汗) | 410–414 | |
| Yujiulü Buluzhen | 414 | ||
| Yujiulü Datan | Mouhanheshenggai Khagan (牟汗紇升蓋可汗) | 414–429 | |
| Yujiulü Wuti | Chilian Khagan (敕連可汗) | 429–444 | |
| Yujiulü Tuhezhen | Chu Khagan (處可汗) | 444–464 | |
| Yujiulü Yucheng | Shouluobuzhen Khagan (受羅部真可) | 464–485 | Yongkang (永康) |
| Yujiulü Doulun | Fugudun Khagan (伏古敦可汗) | 485–492 | Taiping (太平) |
| Yujiulü Nagai | Houqifudaikezhe Khagan (侯其伏代庫者可汗l | 492–506 | Taian (太安) |
| Yujiulü Futu | Tuohan Khagan (佗汗可汗) | 506–508 | Shiping (始平) |
| Yujiulü Chounu | Douluofubadoufa Khagan (豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗) | 508–520 | Jianchang (建昌) |
| Yujiulü Anagui | Chiliantoubingdoufa Khagan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗) | 520–521 | |
| Yujiulü Poluomen | Mioukesheju Khagan (彌偶可社句可汗) | 521–524 | |
| Yujiulü Anagui | Chiliantoubingdoufa Khagan (敕連頭兵豆伐) | 522–552 |
| The family tree of the Khaghans of the Rouran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏[Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ]
木骨閭死，子車鹿會雄健，始有部眾，自號柔然[Mugulü died; [his] son Cheluhui, fierce and vigorous, began to gather the tribal multitude, [his/their]self-appellation Rouran]
而役屬於國。後世祖以其無知，狀類於蟲，故改其號為蠕蠕。[...[Y]et [Cheluhui/Rouran] [was/were] vassal(s) of(our) state. Later,(Emperor) Shizu took him/them as ignorant and [his/their] appearance worm-like, so [the Emperor] changed his/their appellation to Ruanruan ~ Ruru.]
Additionally, the Chinese often sought to translate names into their language, or replaced them with a similarly sounding Chinese word that seemed to fit: for instance, the Rouran were also called Ruanruan, "wriggling worms."
in Mongolia the tribal confederation of the Rouran, whose name derives from that of tribal father Ruru or Ruirui.50 The name Juan Juan was given to them by the Tuoba emperor Taiwudi, a derogatory pun meaning 'wriggling worms'.
他的《番客人朝图》及《职贡图》至今在中国画史上占据重要的位置。
Yujiulu Mugulu, the grandfather of Yujiulu Shelun, who was the first to unite the various Rouran clans, is believed to have been a slave of the Xianbei, and many Rouran women were taken by Xianbei as wives or concubines. The nameRouran also stems from the derogatory term used by the Xianbei to refer to them, ruanrua orru, meaning "worms"
[Mugulu] had been a slave of the Taɣbač, a sub-division of the Xianbei. His descendants later chose the name Yujiulü 郁久閭 as their family name. Mugulü's son Che-lu-hui 車鹿會 was the first to assemble a lot of other families around him, and in the mid-4th century the tribal federation of the Rouran took shape.
According to the Wei dynastic annals, [the Rouran] ruling house descended from an early fourth-century Wei slave.
Soon after his accession Muhan began a campaign of conquest by destroying the remnants of the Juan-juan.
the Róurán Khāqānate, a nomadic confederation that had ruled Mongolia from the mid-fourth until the mid-sixth century and whose rise to power may have initiated the Hunnic migrations of the fourth century.
Media related toRouran Khaganate at Wikimedia CommonsTheYujiulü clan of Rouran tribe Khagans ofRouran (includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants) | ||||||||||||
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