In the days of printing with metaltype sorts, it was common torotate letters and digits 180° to create new symbols. This was a cheap way to extend the alphabet that didn't require purchasing or cutting custom sorts. The method was used for example with thePalaeotype alphabet, theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, theFraser script, and for somemathematical symbols. Perhaps the earliest instance of this that is still in use isturned e forschwa.

In the eighteenth-centuryCaslon metal fonts, the Britishpound sign (£) was set with a rotatedswash uppercase J.^[1]

The following rotated (turned) letters haveUnicodecodepoints unless otherwise indicated.

In this table, parentheses mark letters that stand in for themselves or for another. For instance, a rotated 'b' would be a 'q', and indeed some physical typefaces didn't bother with distinct sorts for lowercase b and q, d and p, or n and u; while a rotated 's' or 'z' would be itself.Long s with acombining dot below,⟨ſ̣⟩, can stand in for a rotated j.

(En dashes are used to marksmall caps that would not be very distinct from the turned lower case letter, though they are possible: turned small cap c is supported, for example:⟨ᴐ⟩).

TheFraser script creates a number of duplicates of the rotated capitals.

*The Unicode character ⅁ is specified assans-serif, as are ⅂ and ⅄.

Other rotated letters include the digraphs ᴂ and ᴔ. The "rotated" capital Q in Unicode is only turned 90 degrees: ℺.

Additional small cap forms are found in the literature (e.g. turned ᴀ ʟ ᴜ), but are not supported as of Unicode 17.

Many of the few rotated Greek letters are intended formathematical notation. In this table, an en dash is used to mark Greek and Cyrillic letters that are not distinct from a Latin letter. Reversed L,⟨⅃⟩, can stand in for a rotated gamma Γ, though Unicode defines it as sans serif.

⟨ƍ⟩ is close to the turned form of one variant of lower-caseБ.

In some fonts, an allograph ofƷ displays as turned Σ.

In addition, the turned Latin alphaɒ and horseshoeʊ of the IPA have allographs that are a turned small-capital Α and Ω.

Other rotated symbols includeɞ (rotated or reversedʚ),ʖ (rotatedʕ)ⱹ (rotatedɽ),ɺ (rotatedɼ), the digits↊ and↋, theinsular g: Ꝿꝿ, and the ampersand⅋.

Theturned comma orinverted comma (‘) is, as its name suggests, a rotated comma. This symbol is most commonly encountered as an opening singlequotation mark. It is also used for the Hawaiian letter‘okina. In some older British texts, it was used as a superscript⟨c⟩ to abbreviate for the Scottish name elementMac/Mc, also written as M^ac/M^c, thus yieldingM‘, as inM‘Culloch.^[3]

Spanish uses the rotated punctuation marks¡ (inverted exclamation mark) and¿ (inverted question mark).

In addition to turned letters, Unicode supports a fewreversed (mirror-image) letters such as ɘ, Ƨ ƨ, Ƹ ƹ, ʕ, ᴎ, ᴙ, ꟻ, ⅃ and ꟼ; Cyrillic Ԑ ԑ (reversed З з) and Ꙡ ꙡ (as well asCyrillic И и and Я я, which are graphically equivalent to reversed Latin N ɴ and R ʀ), superscript ᶟ ᴻ, and thetresillo Ꜫ ꜫ, which historically is a reversed three.Current IPA ɜ is officially a reversed rather than rotated ɛ; the older rotated ᴈ is now deprecated.Ƌ is close to a reversed CyrillicБ.Reversed k ɡ ŋ (𝼃 𝼁 𝼇) were added to theextIPA in 2015.

• Typography
• Unicode

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