For example, apansexual person--who may feel sexually attracted to people regardless of gender--might experience romantic attraction toward only women and feel romantic intimacy only with women.
Forasexual people, romantic orientation is often considered a more useful measure of attraction than sexual orientation.[2][3]
The relationship between sexual attraction and romantic attraction is still under debate.[4][5]
Sexual and romantic attractions are often studied in conjunction. Even though studies of sexual and romantic spectrums are shedding light onto this under-researched subject, much is still not fully understood.[6]
Gyneromantic orgynoromantic: Romantic attraction towards women or femininity (gyneromanticism or gynoromanticism).[25][26][27]
Heteroromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the opposite gender (heteroromanticism).[28]
Homoromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the same gender (homoromanticism).
Multiromantic orpluriromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of multiple genders (multiromanticism or pluriromanticism).[29][30][31]
Biromantic orambiromantic: Romantic attraction towards two genders, or person(s) of the same and other genders (biromanticism or ambiromanticism).[22][32] Sometimes used the same way as panromantic or multiromantic.[33][8][34][35]
Panromantic oromniromantic:[34] Romantic attraction towards person(s) regardless of gender or of any, every, and all genders (panromanticism or omniromanticism).[34][36][37]
Polyromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of various, but not all, genders (polyromanticism).[38]
The implications of the distinction between romantic andsexual orientations have not been fully recognized, nor have they been studied extensively.[43] It is common for sources to describe sexual orientation as including components of both sexual and romantic (or romantic equivalent) attractions.[5][43] Publications investigating the relationship between sexual orientation and romantic orientation are limited. Challenges in collecting information result from survey participants having difficulty identifying or distinguishing between sexual and romantic attractions.[5][44][45] Asexual individuals experience little to nosexual attraction (seegray asexuality); however, they may still experience romantic attraction.[46][47]Lisa M. Diamond states that a person's romantic orientation can differ from whom the person is sexually attracted to.[4] While there is limited research on the discordance between sexual attraction and romantic attraction in individuals, the possibility offluidity and diversity in attractions have been progressively recognized.[48][49] Researchers Bulmer and Izuma found that people who identify as aromantic often have more negative attitudes in relation to romance. While roughly 1% of the population identifies as asexual, 74% of those people reported having some form of romantic attraction.[35]
A concept commonly used by people that experience discordant romantic and sexual attraction is thesplit attraction model, which tries to explain that romantic and sexual attractions are not exclusively tied together and is often used by people of the asexual and aromantic community to explain their differing romantic versus sexual orientations. The abbreviation aroace (or aro-ace) can be used for someone who is both aromantic ('aro') and asexual ('ace').[50]
^Crethar, H. C. & Vargas, L. A. (2007).Multicultural intricacies in professional counseling. In J. Gregoire & C. Jungers (Eds.), The counselor’s companion: What every beginning counselor needs to know. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.ISBN0-8058-5684-6. p.61.
^abDiamond, Lisa M. (January 2003). "What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire".Psychological Review.110 (1):173–192.doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173.PMID12529061.
^Zimmer, Benjamin; Wright, Kelly E.; Hughes, Brianne; Zhang, Lynn; McLean, Jaidan; Carson, Charles E. (2023)."Among the New Words".American Speech.98:104–119.doi:10.1215/00031283-10579494.Archived from the original on April 20, 2024. RetrievedApril 17, 2024.
^Matheson, Lauren P.; Blair, Karen L. (September 2023). "From continua to kaleidoscopes: How plurisexuality challenges traditional conceptualizations of sexual orientation".The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality.32 (2):151–163.doi:10.3138/cjhs.2023-0022.
^abcDecker, Julie Sondra (2015).The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Simon and Schuster.ISBN978-1-5107-0064-2.[page needed]
^Steelman, Sarah M.; Hertlein, Katherine M. (April 2, 2016). "Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts".Journal of Family Psychotherapy.27 (2):85–98.doi:10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014.
^Zosky, Diane L.; Alberts, Robert (November 16, 2016). "What's in a name? Exploring use of the word queer as a term of identification within the college-aged LGBT community".Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment.26 (7–8):597–607.doi:10.1080/10911359.2016.1238803.
^Steelman, Sarah M.; Hertlein, Katherine M. (April 2, 2016). "Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts".Journal of Family Psychotherapy.27 (2):85–98.doi:10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014.
^Rucco, Daniele; Toffoli, Greta; Anzani, Annalisa; Prunas, Antonio (March 2024). "A Networked Model of Ecological Systems Theory to Discuss Concerns in Italian Bisexual+ and Transgender People After the Block of the 'Zan Bill' by Senate".Sexuality Research and Social Policy.21 (1):313–338.doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00906-z.
^Zhang, Yang Bo; Mishra, Shraddha; Liang, Emily; Wekerle, Christine (September 2023). "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review".Adversity and Resilience Science.4 (3):211–233.doi:10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z.
^abcGhosh Lisbin, Maya Katyajini (2023).A-Spec: Conceptualizing Asexual Identity, Experience, and Phenomenological Form (Thesis).doi:10.48617/etd.1077.
^abAntonsen, Amy N.; Zdaniuk, Bozena; Yule, Morag; Brotto, Lori A. (July 2020). "Ace and Aro: Understanding Differences in Romantic Attractions Among Persons Identifying as Asexual".Archives of Sexual Behavior.49 (5):1615–1630.doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01600-1.PMID32095971.
^Hille, Jessica J.; Simmons, Megan K.; Sanders, Stephanie A. (September 2020). "'Sex' and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual".The Journal of Sex Research.57 (7):813–823.doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1689378.PMID31799860.S2CID208623207.
^Carrigan, Mark; Gupta, Kristina; Morrison, Todd G. (May 2013). "Asexuality special theme issue editorial".Psychology and Sexuality.4 (2):111–120.doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.774160.
^Chessin, Krista Ellise (2019).The sexual and romantic orientation scale: a measure of sexual and romantic orientation as separate dimensions (Thesis).hdl:10211.3/213654.
^abBogaert, Anthony F. (2012).Understanding Asexuality. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 14.ISBN978-1-4422-0101-9.
^Savin-Williams, Ritch C.; Vrangalova, Zhana (2013). "Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence".Developmental Review.33 (1):58–88.doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001.
^Priebe, Gisela; Svedin, Carl Göran (2013). "Operationalization of Three Dimensions of Sexual Orientation in a National Survey of Late Adolescents".The Journal of Sex Research.50 (8):727–738.doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.713147.PMID23136981.S2CID27288714.
^Lund, Emily M.; Thomas, Katie B.; Sias, Christina M.; Bradley, April R. (October 2016). "Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors".Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling.10 (4):211–226.doi:10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840.
Wells, J. W. (1989). "Teaching about Gay and Lesbian Sexual and Affectional Orientation Using Explicit Films to Reduce Homophobia".Journal of Humanistic Education and Development.28 (1):18–34.doi:10.1002/j.2164-4683.1989.tb00179.x.
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