Wu Chinese has four major schools of romanization.

The most popular school, Common Wu Pinyin (通用吴语拼音), was developed by amateur language clubs and local learners. There are two competing schemes; both adhere to theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and are very similar to each other. The initial scheme was "Wu Chinese Society pinyin" (吴语协会拼音, developed around 2005), and it formed the basis of "Wugniu pinyin" (吴语学堂拼音, around 2016). Wu Chinese Society pinyin in general does not mark tones.^[1] The nameWugniu comes from theShanghainese pronunciation of 吴语. Either of them is the default romanization scheme in most learning materials.

The second and historical school is the missionary school (seezh:吴语拉丁化方案). This school of English-based Latin orthographies was developed by Western missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and used to write Bible translations and other educational texts. A representative romanization from this school is the Edkins romanization of Shanghainese.^[2]

Another school is the Latin Phonetic Method (吴语拉丁式注音法, French-Wu orFawu [法吴]). Its use is in decline. It utilizes the similarities between French and Wu phonetics and thus adheres to both IPA andFrench orthography. It was developed in 2001 by aShanghai-bornsurgeon living inLyon,France.^[3][4]

The final, and least used school, is developed by modifyingHanyu pinyin as sanctioned by theState Council. It is the only school developed by professional linguists, mostly working instate-administered universities. While more than 20 competing schemes within this school have been published since the 1980s, the most notable one is the Shanghainese Pinyin (上海话拼音方案, often shortened to Qian's Pin [钱拼]), developed byQian Nairong in 2006.^[5] This school is often used in formally published dictionaries and textbooks compiled by Qian and others.^[6][7][8]

All examples are given inShanghainese andSuzhounese.

• Wu Chinese

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