StandardRomanian (i.e. theDaco-Romanian language withinEastern Romance) shares largely the samegrammar and most of the vocabulary andphonological processes with the other three surviving varieties of Eastern Romance, namelyAromanian,Megleno-Romanian, andIstro-Romanian.

As aRomance language, Romanian shares many characteristics with its more distant relatives:Italian,French,Spanish,Portuguese,Catalan, etc. However, Romanian has preserved certain features ofLatin grammar that have been lost elsewhere. This could be explained by a host of factors such as: relative isolation in the Balkans, possible pre-existence of identical grammatical structures in its substratum (as opposed to the substrata over which the other Romance languages developed), and existence of similar elements in the neighboring languages. One Latin element that has survived in Romanian while having disappeared from other Romance languages is the morphologicalcase differentiation in nouns. Nevertheless, declensions have been reduced to only three forms (nominative/accusative, genitive/dative, and vocative) from the original six or seven. Another, that is only seen marginally in other Romance languages such as Italian, is the retention of the neutergender in nouns.^[1]

Romanian is attested from the 16th century. The first Romanian grammar wasElementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae by Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Șincai, published in 1780. Many modern writings on Romanian grammar, in particular, most of those published by theRomanian Academy (Academia Română), are prescriptive; the rules regarding plural formation, verb conjugation, word spelling and meanings, etc. are revised periodically to include new tendencies in the language.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

Romaniannouns are categorized into threegenders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The neuter behaves like the masculine in the singular and the feminine in the plural, unlike the neuter inLatin which had distinct forms.^[8] Nouns which in their dictionary form (singular,nominative, with noarticle) end in aconsonant or thevowel/semivowel-u are mostly masculine or neuter; if they end in-ă or-a they are usually feminine. In theplural, the ending-i corresponds generally to masculine nouns, whereas feminine and neuter nouns often end in-e. Insynchronic terms, Romanianneuter nouns can also be analysed as "ambigeneric", that is as being masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural (see below)^[9] and even indiachronic terms certain linguists have argued that this pattern, as well as that of case differentiation, was in a sense "re-invented" rather than a "direct" continuation of the Latin neuter.^[10] However, most noun genders correspond to Latin categorization, such asfirst declension which remained feminine. Similarlythird declension nouns retained the gender from Latin, neuter included, most likely reinforced by the Latin plural form -ores which gave the feminine plural -uri in Romanian.Second declension nouns were reanalysed on their semantic characteristic (cervus >cerb "stag" remained masculine but campus >câmp "field" became neuter). As for thefourth declension, the nouns were analysed in regards to their plural endings as the declension collapsed into the second, being reassigned as neutral based on the -ores plural form. The change of gender can thus be explained by syncretism and homophony.^[11]

Examples:

• Masculine:om ('man, human being'),bou ('ox'),copac ('tree');
• Neuter:drum ('road'),cadou ('present, gift'),exemplu ('example');
• Feminine:bunică ('grandmother'),carte ('book'),cafea ('coffee').

For nouns designating people the grammatical gender can only be masculine or feminine, and is strictly determined by the biological sex, no matter the phonetics of the noun. For example, nouns liketată (father) andpopă (priest) are masculine as they refer to male people, although phonetically they are similar to typical feminine nouns.

For native speakers, the general rule fordetermining a noun's gender relies on the "one-two" test, which consists in inflecting the noun to both the singular and the plural, together with thenumbersone andtwo. Depending on the gender, the numbers will have different forms for each of the three genders: masculine nouns will beun-doi; feminine nouns,o-două; neuter nouns,un-două.

• Masculine:un om,doi oameni ('one human being', 'two human beings'),un iepure,doi iepuri ('one rabbit', 'two rabbits'). In this case bothun anddoi are in their masculine forms.
• Feminine:o fată,două fete ('one girl', 'two girls'),o pasăre, două păsări ('one bird', 'two birds'). In this case botho anddouă are in their feminine forms.
• Neuter:un corp,două corpuri ('one body', 'two bodies'),un sertar,două sertare ('one drawer', 'two drawers'). In this caseun is in its masculine form whiledouă is in its feminine form. This is the only case in which the two numbers have different genders.

Romanian numbers generally have a single form regardless of the gender of the determined noun. Exceptions are the numbersun/o ('one')doi/două ('two') and all the numbers made up of two or more digits when the last digit is 1 or 2; these have masculine and feminine forms. In Romanian there is no gender-neutral form for numbers, adjectives or other noun determiners.

Romanian has twogrammatical numbers: singular andplural. Morphologically, the plural form is built by adding specific endings to the singular form. For example, nominative nouns without the definite article form the plural by adding one of the endings-i,-uri,-e, or-le. The plural formation mechanism, often involving other changes in the word structure, is an intrinsic property of each noun and has to be learned together with it.

Examples:

• -i:pom –pomi ('tree'),cal –cai ('horse'),tată –tați ('father'),barcă –bărci ('boat');
• -uri:tren –trenuri ('train'),treabă –treburi ('job, task'),cort –corturi ('tent');
• -e:pai –paie ('straw'),masă –mese ('table, meal'),teatru –teatre ('theater'),muzeu –muzee ('museum');
• -le:stea –stele ('star'),cafea –cafele ('coffee'),pijama –pijamale ('pajama').

Romanian has inherited three cases from Latin:nominative/accusative,dative/genitive andvocative. Morphologically, the nominative and the accusative are identical in nouns; similarly, the genitive and the dative share the same form (these pairs are distinct in the personal pronouns, however). The vocative is less used as it is normally restricted to nouns designating people or things which are commonly addressed directly. Additionally, nouns in the vocative often borrow the nominative form even when there is a distinct vocative form available.

The genitive-dative form can be derived from the nominative. For feminine nouns the form used in the dative/genitive singular is most often identical to the nominative plural, for exampleo carte–unei cărți–două cărți (a book – of/to a book – two books).

If the noun is determined by a determiner other than the definite article (an indefinite article, a demonstrative, an indefinitequantifier), then the genitive-dative affixes are applied to this determiner, not to the noun, for exampleun băiat–unui băiat ('a boy' – 'of/to a boy'). Similarly, if the noun is determined by the definite article (anenclitic in Romanian, see that section), the genitive-dative mark is added at the end of the noun together with the article, for examplebăiatul–băiatului ('the boy' – 'of/to the boy'),cartea–cărții ('the book' – 'of/to the book'). Masculine proper names designating people form the genitive-dative by placing the articlelui before the noun:lui Brâncuși ('of/toBrâncuși'); the same applies to feminine names only when they don't have a typically feminine ending:lui Carmen.

In usual genitival phrases such asnumele trandafirului ('the name of the rose'), the genitive is only recognized by the specific ending (-lui in this example) and no other words are necessary. However, in other situations, usually if the noun modified by the genitive attribute isindefinite, the genitival article is required, as for example incâteva opereale scriitorului ('some of the writer's works').

Romanian dative phrases exhibitclitic doubling similar to that inSpanish, in which the noun in the dative is doubled by a pronoun. The position of this pronoun in the sentence depends on themood andtense of theverb. For example, in the sentenceLe dau un cadou părinților ('I give a present to [my] parents'), the pronounle doubles the nounpărinților without bringing any additional information.

As specified above, the vocative case in Romanian has a special form for most nouns. The tendency in contemporary Romanian is to use the nominative forms, however. The traditional vocative is retained in speech, however, especially in informal speech, or by people living in the countryside. It is seen as a mark ofunrefined speech by the majority of city-dwellers, who refrain from its usage. The forms of the vocative are as follows. (Note that the vocative does not have both definite and indefinite forms. The following rules are to be applied for the indefinite form of the nouns):

• Singular feminine nouns and proper names ending in an unstressed-ă/-a take the ending-o e.g.fată →fato ('girl!').Some popular vocative forms are different, though:Maria→Mărie! ('Mary!').
• Singular feminine nouns ending in an unstressed-e take the ending-eo e.g.punte →punteo! ('bridge!').Sometimes, thee is dropped altogether.
• Singular feminine nouns ending in a stressed-a take the ending-auo e.g.nuia →nuiauo! ('stick!').
• Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant take the ending-ule e.g.băiat →băiatule! ('boy!').The vocative for animate nouns is sometimes formed as if the noun were a proper name:băiat→băiete! (see below).
• Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in unstressed-e/-ă take no extra ending (-Ø) e.g.frate →frate! ('brother!').
• Masculine proper names take the ending-e e.g.Ștefan →Ștefane! ('Stephen!').Some words also experience some change in their vowels (Ion→Ioane! 'John!').
• All plural nouns take the ending-lor e.g.mere →merelor! ('apples!').

Here are some examples of nouns completely inflected.

An often cited peculiarity of Romanian, which it shares withAromanian,Megleno-Romanian, andIstro-Romanian, is that, unlike all otherRomance languages, thedefinite articles are usually attached to the end of the noun asenclitics (as inAlbanian,Bulgarian,Macedonian andNorth Germanic languages) instead of being placed in front (SeeBalkan sprachbund). These enclitic definite articles are believed to have been formed, as in other Romance languages, fromLatin demonstrative pronouns. The table below shows the generally acceptedetymology of the Romanian definite article.^[12]

Examples:

• Masculine nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):

codru–codrul ('forest' – 'the forest');

pom–pomul ('tree' – 'the tree');

frate–fratele ('brother' – 'the brother');

tată–tatăl ('father' – 'the father').

• Neuter nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):

teatru–teatrul ('theater' – 'the theater');

loc–locul ('place' – 'the place');

• Feminine nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):

casă – casa (house – the house);

floare – floarea (flower – the flower);

cutie – cutia (box – the box);

stea – steaua (star – the star);

The Romanian indefinite article, unlike the definite article, is placed before the noun, and has likewise derived fromLatin:

(The Latin phrasenescio quid means "I don't know what".)

Nouns in the vocative case cannot be determined by an indefinite article.

Examples of indefinite article usage:

• Masculine:
  • nominative/accusative: singularun copil (a child) – pluralniște copii ([some] children);
  • genitive/dative: singularunui copil (of/to a child) – pluralunor copii (of/to [some] children);
• Neuter:
  • nominative/accusative: singularun loc (a place) – pluralniște locuri ([some] places);
  • genitive/dative: singularunui loc (of/to a place) – pluralunor locuri (of/to [some] places);
• Feminine:
  • nominative/accusative: singularo masă (a table) – pluralniște mese ([some] tables);
  • genitive/dative: singularunei mese (of/to a table) – pluralunor mese (of/to [some] tables);

When anoun is determined by anadjective, the normal word order isnoun + adjective, and the article (definite or indefinite) is appended to the noun. However, the word orderadjective + noun is also possible, mostly used for emphasis on the adjective. Then, the article and the case marker, if any, are applied to the adjective instead:

• Noun + adjective (normal order):

un student bun (a good student);

studentul bun (the good student);

unui student bun (to a good student);

studentului bun (to the good student).

• Adjective + noun (reversed order):

un bun student (a good student);

bunul student (the good student);

unui bun student (to a good student);

bunului student (to the good student).

The demonstrative article is used to put emphasis on the relative superlative of adjectives. The forms arecel andcelui (m. sg.),cea andcelei (f. sg.),cei andcelor (m. pl.) andcele andcelor (f. pl.).

There are situations in Romanian when the noun in the genitive requires the presence of the so-called genitival (or possessive) article (see for example the section"Genitive" in "Romanian nouns"), somewhat similar to the English prepositionof, for example ina map of China. In Romanian this becomeso hartă a Chinei, where "a" is the genitival article. The table below shows how the genitival articles depend on gender and number.

The genitival article also has genitive/dative forms, which are used only with a possessive pronoun. They are:alui (m. sg.),alei (f. sg.), andalor (pl., both genders). These forms are rarely used—especially the singular ones—and the sentences are usually rephrased to avoid them.

Romanian adjectives determine the quality of things. They can only fulfill the syntactical functions of attribute and of adjectival complement, which in Romanian is callednume predicativ (nominal predicative).

Adjectives in Romanian inflect for number and gender (and for case in the feminine singular genitive/dative). Most adjectives have distinct forms for all combinations (especially those with the basic form ending in consonants, or-u), some that distinguish gender only in the singular (often ending in-g or-c or in adiphthong), others that do not distinguish gender (usually ending in -e), and a few that distinguish neither gender nor number (often colors, orloanwords).

Adjectives such asamar ("bitter, rude"),curat ("clean") inflect for both gender and number, having four distinct forms:

Adjectives such aslung ("long"),mic ("small"),nou ("new") inflect for gender in the singular only, showing-i in plural forms:

Adjectives such asverde ("green"),mare ("big"),moale ("soft") only inflect for number:

Borrowed adjectives such asoranj ("orange") is called invariable, having just one inflected form.

Adjectives that have more than one inflected form are calledvariable.^[14]

Syntactical functions of the adjective can be:^[14]

• Attribute, in case it defines a noun, pronoun or numeral. (e.g.: The blond boy is here.Băiatul blond este aici.)
• Adjectival complement, in case it defines a copulative verb. (e.g.: The boy is blond.Băiatul este blond.)

An adjective also can have degrees of comparison.^[14]

• Positive Degree (frumos, beautiful)
• Comparative Degree:
  • Of equality (la fel de frumos, as beautiful as)
  • Of inequality (note that the following degrees are written as "comparative of superiority/inferiority", not as "comparative of inequality of superiority/inferiority")
    • Of superiority (mai frumos, more beautiful)
    • Of inferiority (mai puțin frumos, less beautiful)
• Superlative Degree:
  • Relative Superlative
    • Of superiority (cel mai frumos, the most beautiful)
    • Of inferiority (cel mai puțin frumos, the least beautiful)
  • Absolute Superlative (foarte frumos, very beautiful)
    • Of superiority (foarte frumos, translated as "very beautiful")
    • Of inferiority (foarte puțin frumos, roughly translated as "very little beautiful"). This form is not used very much, though, as antonyms can be used (foarte puțin frumos becomesfoarte urât, "very little beautiful" becomes "very ugly")

Personal pronouns come in four differentcases, depending on their usage in the phrase.

There are eight personal pronouns (pronume personale) in Romanian:^[15]

The pronouns above are those in thenominative case. They are usually omitted in Romanian unless it is necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sentence. Usually, the verb ending provides information about the subject. The feminine forms of plural pronouns are used only for groups of persons or items of exclusively female gender. If the group contains elements of both genders, the masculine form is used. Pronouns in thevocative case in Romanian, which is used for exclamations, or summoning, also take the forms of the nominative case.

Theaccusative forms of the pronouns come in two forms: a stressed and an unstressed form:^[15]

The stressed form of the pronoun is used (in phrases that are notinverted) after the verb while the unstressed form is employed before the verb. Romanian requires both forms of a pronoun to be present in a sentence if arelative clause is employed, which also reverses the order of the forms (stressed before unstressed). Otherwise, the stressed form is usually left out, the only exception being its usage for adding emphasis to the pronoun.

• Îl văd – I see him/it (a statement of fact)
• Îl vădpe el – I see him (It is him that I see, and no other)
• Fatape care o văd – The girl whom I see

Thedative forms of the pronouns:^[15]

Thegenitive forms of the pronouns (also called possessive pronouns,pronume posesive):^[15]

The genitive is retained in the third person. The pronoun, like Latineius,eorum, inflects according to the possessor, not according to the possessed.

These are the forms of the reflexive pronouns (pronume reflexive):^[15]

The above reflexive pronouns are in the accusative and dative cases, and in both stressed / unstressed forms. As is made clear, the reflexive pronouns are identical to the personal pronouns, with the exception of the 3^rd person, which has entirely new forms. The genitival forms of the reflexive pronouns are the same for the 1^st and 2^nd persons, but also differ in the 3^rd person singular, which isal său. This is a direct continuation of Latin usage; Latinsuus was usedonly when the possessor was the subject of the sentence.

The polite pronouns (pronumele de politețe) are a way of addressing someone formally. They are normally used for interaction with strangers, or by children talking to adults whom they don't know well, or to teachers as a sign of respect. When used in the plural, the second person pronoun is a polite one, for use in formal occasions, or among unacquainted adults, whereas its singular forms are less polite.

The polite pronouns were derived from old Romanian phrases used for addressing thesovereign, such asDomnia Ta,Domnia Voastră,Domnia Lui ("Your Majesty", "Your Majesty (plural)", "His Majesty", literally "Your Reign", etc.). By means of vowel elision,domnia became shortened todumnea.^[16] It should also be noted thatmata,mătăluță and similar pronouns were considered polite pronouns in the past, but nowadays only rural communities use them (for example, between neighbours).

The polite pronouns all have the same forms in all cases (the only exception beingdumneata, with the genitive/dative form ofdumitale), and they exist only in the second and third person, due to their not being used to refer to oneself:

A peculiarity of Romanian among Romance languages is the development of an intermediary level of politeness created with the aid ofOld Romaniandânsul/dânsa, a variant of the personal pronounel/ea, formed from the prepositionde and the focal particleîns, itself from the Latin pronounIPSE. Together with the singular second person polite pronoun it expresses a minimum of politeness, but higher than personal pronouns:^[17]

There are many demonstrative pronouns (pronume demonstrative) in Romanian. They are classified aspronume de apropiere, pronume de depărtare, pronume de diferențiere, pronume de identitate, which mean, respectively, pronouns of proximity, pronouns of remoteness, pronouns of differentiation, and pronouns of identity.

These pronouns describe objects which are either close to the speaker, or farther away from the speaker (formal register/informal register):^[15]

These pronouns describe objects either different from an aforementioned object or the same:^[15]

The intensive pronouns and adjectives are used for emphasis.

Pronumele relative și interogative, the two types of pronouns are identical in form but differ in usage. The relative pronouns are used to connectrelative clauses to their main clause, but interrogative pronouns are used to form questions. The interrogative pronouns are usually written out with aquestion mark after them to differentiate them from their relative counterparts.

These are the most common relative/interrogative pronouns:^[15]

Pronumele negative și nehotărâte, these two types of pronouns are used to express negation, as well as indefinite concepts. There are many indefinite pronouns, but only a limited number of negative pronouns.

The most common indefinite pronouns are:^[15]

The most common negative pronouns are:^[15]

In Romanian grammar, unlike English, the words representingnumbers are considered to form a distinctpart of speech, callednumeral (plural:numerale). Examples:

• Cardinal
  • Proper:doi (two);
  • Multiplicative:îndoit (double);
  • Collective:amândoi (both);
  • Distributive:câte doi (in twos);
  • Fractional:doime (half) (pronounced[do.ime]);
  • Adverbial:de două ori (twice);
• Ordinal:al doilea (the second).

As in allRomance languages, Romanianverbs are inflected according to: person, number, tense, mood and voice. The usual word order in sentences is SVO (Subject – Verb – Object). Romanian verbs are traditionally categorized into four large conjugation groups depending on the ending in the infinitive mood. The actual conjugation patterns for each group are multiple.

• First conjugation: verbs ending in–a (long infinitive in–are), such asa da, dare "to give",a cânta, cântare "to sing", including those ending inhiatusea, such asa crea, creare "to create". Verbs ending orthographically in–chea and–ghea are also included here as their conjugation pattern matches this group, although the long infinitive ends in–ere:a veghea, veghere "to ward".
• Second conjugation: verbs ending in–ea (long infinitive in stressed-ere), only whenea is adiphthong, such asa putea, putere "can",a cădea, cădere "to fall".
• Third conjugation: verbs ending in–e (long infinitive in unstressed–ere), such asa vinde, vindere "to sell",a crede, credere "to believe".
• Fourth conjugation: verbs ending in–i (long infinitive in–ire), such asa veni, venire "to come",.
• Fifth conjugation:verbs ending in -î (long infinitive in -âre), such asa hotărî,hotărâre, "to decide".

In Romanian,adverbs usually determine verbs (but, could also modify a clause or an entire sentence) by adding a qualitative description to the action. Romanian adverbs are invariant and identical to the corresponding adjective in its masculine singular form. An exception is the adjective-adverb pairbun-bine ("good"(masculine singular) – "well").

Some examples are

• Băieții sunt jucătoribuni. –The boys aregood players. (adjective)
• Băieții joacăbine. –The boys playwell. (adverb)
• Cântecul acesta estefrumos. –This song isbeautiful. (adjective)
• Cântăreața cântăfrumos. –The singer singsbeautifully. (adverb)

The preposition before a noun determines which case the noun must take.

No prepositions take nouns in the nominative case.

• pe is used to introduce a direct object when it is represented by a proper name, in which case it does not have a lexical meaning.Pe is also used with the accusative to introduce a circumstantial object of location (Englishon).
• cu (with) introduces the instrument of the action. It is used to indicate (among others) one's conversation partner, an association with an object, or a means of transport.
• la (at) indicates the location or time of the action or its direction. More specific forms areîn (in),spre (towards),pe la (around)
• pentru (for) indicates the scope of an action, or the beneficiary thereof.^[18]

The only prepositions that demand the Dative Case, are:grație (thanks to),datorită (through, with),mulțumită (thanks to),conform (as per),contrar (against),potrivit (according to),aidoma — archaic — (like, similar to),asemenea (such).

Other prepositions require the genitive case of nouns. Note that some prepositions of this sort have evolved from phrases with feminine nouns and, as a consequence, require a feminine possessive form when the object is a pronoun; e.g.,împotriva mea (against me).

In Romanian there are many interjections, and they are commonly used. Those that denote sounds made by animals or objects are calledonomatopee, a form similar to the English languageonomatopoeia. Below, some interjections and their approximative equivalent in English are shown.

• Vai! – Oh, my! / Oh, dear!
• Ah! –same as in English
• Oau! – Wow! (often spelled "uau" to mirror english spelling)
• Of! – equivalent to a sigh
• Hmmm... – said when thinking
• Mamă-mamă – said when expressing something cool or extraordinary
• Iată – somewhat likebehold!

• lip-lip – the sound made when slurping liquids (usually by dogs)
• țuști – a sound designating a quick move
• mor-mor – the sound a bear makes
• cucurigu – the sound a rooster makes,cock-a-doodle-doo!
• ham-ham – the sound a dog makes,bark!
• miau – the sound a cat makes,meow!
• cip-cirip – the sound birds make,chirp!
• mu – the sound a cow makes,moo!
• mac-mac – the sound ducks make,quack!

Within a sentence, interjections can function as attributes, verbal equivalents, or they can be used as filler, which has no syntactical function at all.

• Attribute: Mi-am luat o fustămamă-mamă.I bought a cool skirt.
• Verbal Equivalent:Iată-l pe Ion.Look, there is Ion
• Filler:Hmmm... Mă gândesc ce să fac.Hmmm... I am thinking about what to do.

Romanian has terminology and rules for phrase syntax, which describes the way simple sentences relate to one another within a single complex sentence. There are many functions a simple sentence may take, their number usually being determined by the number ofpredicates. It is also noteworthy that Romanian terminology for the termssimple sentence,complex sentence, andphrase is somewhat counterintuitive. The Romanian termpropoziție means as much assimple sentence (orclause). To describe a complex sentence (orcompound sentence), Romanian uses the wordfrază, which can cause confusion with the English wordphrase, which describes not a complex sentence, but a grouping of words. In consequence, Romanian doesn't have terms for the Englishnoun phrase, orverb phrase, preferring the more commonly understood termpredicate for the latter. The former has no formal equivalent in Romanian.

Simple sentences can be of two types:main clauses andsubordinate clauses

The main clause, within a complex sentence, does not rely on another sentence to be fully understood. In other words, it has stand-alone meaning. The following example has theverb phrase underlined.

Example:

Am văzut copiii din curtea școlii.

Ihave seen the children in the school courtyard.

Even though this sentence is long, it is still composed of a single simple sentence, which is a main clause.

A subordinate clause cannot have a stand-alone meaning. It relies on a main clause to give it meaning. It usually determines or defines an element of another clause, be it a main clause, or a subordinate one. The following example has theverb phrase underlined, and theelement of relation, which is to say, the relative pronoun used to link the two sentences, in bold. The sentences are also separated and numbered.

Example:

Am văzut copiii¹/caresunt în curtea școlii.²/

Ihave seen the children¹/whoare in the school courtyard.²/

There are also subordinate clauses other than therelative clause, which is an attributive clause, since it determines a noun, pronoun or numeral, and not a verb phrase. Here is a list of examples illustrating some of the remaining cases:

Direct Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă directă):

Înțeleg¹/cezice profesoara.²/

Iunderstand¹/what the teacheris saying.²/

Indirect Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă indirectă):

Mă gândesc¹/la cespune profesoara.²/

Iam thinking¹/about what the teacheris saying.²/

Subject Clause (propoziție subordonată subiectivă):

Ceea cezice profesoara,¹/e corect.²/

What the teacheris saying,¹/is true.²/

Local Circumstantial Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă circumstanțială de loc):

Mă văd cu Ionuț¹/unde (mi-)a propus el.²/

Iam meeting Johnny¹/where heproposed (to me).²/

Someconjunctions are called coordinating because they do not define the type of clause introduced. Rather, theycoordinate an existing clause with another, making the new clause of the same type as the other one. The coordinating conjunctions are of four types (note that the list is not exhaustive):

• Thecopulative conjunctions are:și (and),nici (neither), andprecum și (as well as).
• Theadversative conjunctions are:dar/însă/ci (but) andiar (on the other hand).
• Thedisjunctive conjunctions are:sau/ori/fie (or/either).
• Theconclusive conjunctions are:deci/așadar (thus),în concluzie (in conclusion), andprin urmare (therefore).

An example of two main clauses (^{1, 2}) linked together by a coordinative conjunction (bold) is:

Anaeste o fată¹/și Ioneste un băiat.²/

Anais a girl,¹/and Ionis a boy.²/

Two subordinate clauses (^{2, 3}) can also be joined to the same end:

V-am spus despre băiatul¹/careeste la mine în clasă,²/și careeste foarte bun la matematică.³/

Ihave told you about the boy¹/whois in my class,²/and whois very good in mathematics.³/

The same effect of two main clauses (^{1, 2}) being tied together can also be achieved via juxtaposition of the sentences using a comma:

Am păzit palatul,¹/ palatulera șifoarte greu de păzit.²/

Iguarded the palace,¹/ the palacewas very hard to guard, too.²/

• Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, ed.The Grammar of Romanian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea, eds.A Reference Grammar of Romanian, vol. 1:The Noun Phrase. John Benjamins, 2013.

• Very detailed Romanian grammar (PDF; 183 pages; 4.6 MB)
• Romanian Grammar Workbook (1996) for Peace Corps Volunteers, Peace Corps (Moldova)
• Verbix: Romanian verbs conjugation (Attention: Generally good output, but a few verbs are not conjugated correctly.)
• Romanian <-> English online dictionary and Romanian verb conjugator (few mistakes)
• Romanian online dictionary and lemmatizer

• Romanian grammar

• Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)
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• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles containing Romanian-language text
• Pages with plain IPA
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• Pages with Romanian IPA