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Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1500s–1860s alphabet used to write Romanian

Not to be confused withMoldovan Cyrillic alphabet.

Romanian Cyrillic

Script type	Alphabet
Period	14th–19th centuries^[a]
Languages	Romanian
Related scripts
Parent systems	Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Glagolitic alphabet Cyrillic Romanian Cyrillic
Sister systems	Early Cyrillic alphabet
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

TheRomanian Cyrillic alphabet is theCyrillic alphabet that was used to write theRomanian language andChurch Slavonic from the 14th century until the 1830s, when it began to be gradually replaced bya Latin-based Romanian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly inRussian-ruled Bessarabia.^[1]

From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, theRomanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters withdiacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet.^[2] TheRomanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881.^[3]

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as theMoldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modernRussian alphabet) that was used in theMoldavian SSR for most of theSoviet era and that is still used inTransnistria.

Rules

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The orthographic rules for the Romanian Cyrillic script were relatively inconsistent, especially differing from region to region.

Some of the more common (especially in the late 18th century) standards include:^[4]

1. 'ь' is placed at the end of words ending in a consonant. It represents the archaic Romanian "short asyllabic final u sound", which was denoted with 'ꙋ' or 'ꙋ꙼' in some older texts.^[5] 'ь' was eventually dropped to reduce printing cost.

2. Thebreve mark is used to mark a vowel as short, such as with 'й' and 'Ꙋ꙼' which are not considered separate from 'и' and 'ꙋ' respectively.

3.Є,Ѻ,Оу andꙖ are the initial variants of Е, О,Ꙋ,Ѧ respectively.

4. Ї is the equivalent of И before a vowel. It is also used in Greek loanwords and proper names.

5.Ꙟ serves as the word initial equivalent ofѫ. It can represent the sounds /ɨn/ and /ɨm/ as well.

6.Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ are only used in Greek loanwords.

7. Ѵ usually represents the sounds /i/ when proceeding a consonant and /v/ when proceeding a vowel. Although educated speakers likely pronounced it as /y/.

8. 'їꙋ' oriotated ꙋ may be used in place of 'ю' in proper names.

9. 'ꙍ' can be used as a variation of 'ѻ' as well as replacing 'o' whenstressed. It also appears in the endings of words in thegenitive anddative. It rarely represents the diphthong /o̯a/ more often representing the diphthong /ŭə/.

Table of correspondence

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The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of theEarly Cyrillic alphabet of theChurch Slavonic liturgical language.

Letter	Numerical value	Romanian Latin equivalent	Transitional alphabet	Moldovan Cyrillic equivalent	Phoneme	Romanian name^[6]	Slavonic equiv. name
А а	1	a	A a	а	/a/	az	азъ (azŭ)
Б Б		b	ББ	б	/b/	buche	бꙋкꙑ (buky)
В в	2	v	В в	в	/v/	vede	вѣдѣ (vĕdĕ)
Г г	3	gh (before e, i) g (elsewhere)	G g	г	/ɡ/	glagol	глаголи (glagoli)
Д д	4	d	D d	д	/d/	dobru	добро (dobro)
Є є,Е е^[b]	5	e	E e	е	/e/	est	єстъ (estŭ)
Ж ж		j	Ж ж	ж	/ʒ/	juvete	живѣтє (živěte)
Ѕ ѕ	6	dz	Ḑ ḑ	дз	/d͡z/	zalu	ꙃѣло (dzělo)
З з	7	z	Z z	з	/z/	zemle	зємл҄ꙗ (zemlja)
И и	8	i	I i	и	/i/	ije	ижє (iže)
Й й^[c]		i	Ĭ ĭ	й	/j/,/ʲ/	ije	ижє (iže)
І і^[d]^[e]	10	i	I i	и	/i/	i	и (i)
К к	20	ch (before e, i) c (elsewhere)	К к or K k	к	/k/	kaku	како (kako)
Л л	30	l	Л л	л	/l/	liude	людиѥ (ljudije)
М м	40	m	M m	м	/m/	mislete	мꙑслитє (myslite)
Н н	50	n	N n	н	/n/	naș	нашь (našĭ)
Ѻ ѻ, О о^[b]	70	o	O o	о	/o̯/	on	онъ (onŭ)
П п	80	p	П п	п	/p/	pocoi	покои (pokoi)
Р р	100	r	Р р	р	/r/	râță	рьци (rĭci)
С с	200	s	S s	с	/s/	slovă	слово (slovo)
Т т	300	t	T t	т	/t/	tferdu	тврьдо (tvrĭdo)
ОУ оу^[b]	400	u	Ꙋ ꙋ^[7] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ)	у	/u/	upsilon	ꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ^[b]		u	Ꙋ ꙋ^[7] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ)	у	/u/	ucu	ꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Ф ф	500	f	F f	ф	/f/	fârta	фрьтъ (frĭtŭ)
Х х	600	h	Х х	х	/h/	heru	хѣръ (xěrŭ)
Ѡ ѡ^[f]	800	o	O o	о	/o/	omega	отъ (otŭ)
Щ щ		șt	Щ щ	шт	/ʃt/	ștea	ща (šta)
Ц ц	900	ț	Ц ц	ц	/t͡s/	ți	ци
Ч ч	90	c (before e, i) ci (elsewhere)	Ч ч	ч	/t͡ʃ/	cervu	чрьвь (črĭvĭ)
Ш ш		ș	Ш ш	ш	/ʃ/	șa	ша (ša)
Ъ ъ		ă, ŭ^[g]	Ъ ъ	э	/ə/	ier	ѥръ (jerŭ)
Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑ		â, î	Î î	ы	/ɨ/	ierî	ѥрꙑ (jery)
Ь ь		ă, ŭ, ĭ^[g]	Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆	ь	—	ieri	ѥрь (jerĭ)
Ѣ ѣ		ea	Ea ea	я	/e̯a/	eati(u)	ѣть (ětĭ)
Ю ю		iu	Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ	ю	/ju/	io /iu	ю (ju)
Ꙗ ꙗ^[b]		ia	Ĭa ĭa	я	/ja/	ia	ꙗ (ja)
Ѥ ѥ^[b]		ie	Ĭe ĭe	ие	/je/		ѥ (je)
Ѧ ѧ		ĭa, ea^[g]	Ĭa ĭa, Ea ea	я	/ja/	ia	ѧсъ (ęsŭ)
Ѫ ѫ		î	Î î	ы	/ɨ/	ius	ѫсъ (ǫsŭ)
Ѯ ѯ^[h]	60	x	Ks ks	кс	/ks/	csi	ѯи (ksi)
Ѱ ѱ^[h]	700	ps	Пs пs	пс	/ps/	psi	ѱи (psi)
Ѳ ѳ^[h]	9	th, ft	T t, Ft ft	т, фт	/t/ and approx./θ/ or/f/	thita	фита (fita)
Ѵ ѵ^[h]	400	i, u	I i; Ꙋ ꙋ	и, у	/i/,/y/,/v/	ijița	ижица (ižica)
Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ ↑		în îm	În în Îm îm	ын, ым	/ɨn/,/ɨm/	în
Џ џ		g (before e, i) gi (elsewhere)	Џ џ	ӂ	/d͡ʒ/	gea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

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Main article:Romanian transitional alphabet

Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.

Pre-1830	1833^[8]	1838^[9]	1846 (1)^[10]	1846 (2)^[11]	1848^[12]	1858^[13]	1860^[14]
А а	А а	А а	А а	А а	А а	A a	A a
ББ	ББ	ББ	ББ	ББ	ББ	B b	ББ
В в	В в	В в	В в	В в	В в	V v	В в
Г г	Г г	Г г	Г г	Г г	Г г	G g	Г г
Д д	Д д	Д д	D d	Д д	D d	D d	D d
Є є,Е e	Є є	Є є	E e	E ɛ	E e	E e	E e
Ж ж	Ж ж	Ж ж	Ж ж	Ж ж	Ж ж	J j	Ж ж
Ѕ ѕ	Ѕ ѕ	Дз дз	Ḑ ḑ	Дз дз	Dz dz	Dz dz	Dz dz
З з	З з	З з	Z z	З з	Z z	Z z	Z z
И и	И и	I i	I i	І і	I i	I i	I i
І і	Ї ї	I i	I i	І і	I i	I i	I i
К к	К к	К к	K k	К к	К к	K k	K k
Л л	Л л	Л л	Л л	Л л	Л л	L l	L l
М м	М м	М м	M m	М м	M m	M m	M m
Н н	Н н	Н н	N n	N ɴ	N n	N n	N n
Ѻ ѻ, О o	О о	О о	O o	О о	О о	О о	O о
П п	П п	П п	П п	П п	П п	П п	П п
Р р	Р р	Р р	Р р	Р р	Р р	R r	Р р
С с	С с	С с	S s	С с	С с	S s	S s
Т т	Т т	Т т	T t	Т т	Т т	T t	T t
Оу оу	У у (initial) Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final)	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ
Ꙋ, ȣ	У у (initial) Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final)	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ	Ȣ ȣ
Ф ф	Ф ф	Ф ф	Ф ф	Ф ф	Ф ф	F f	Ф ф
Х х	Х х	Х х	Х х	Х х	Х х	Х х	Х х
Ѡ ѡ	Ѡ ѡ^[i]	О о	O o	О о	O o	О о	О о
Щ щ	Щ щ	Щ щ	Щ щ	Шт шт	Щ щ	Шt шt	Шt шt
Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц	Ц ц
Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч	Ч ч
Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш	Ш ш
Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ
Ы ы	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Ꙟ ꙟ	Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Î î	Î î
Ѣ ѣ	Ѣ ѣ	Ѣ ѣ	Ea ea	Eа εа (ligature, small letter only)	Ea ea	Ea ea	Ea ea
Ю ю	Ю ю	IꙊ iꙋ (ligature)	IȢ Iȣ iȣ (ligature)	IȢ Iȣ іȣ (ligature, small letter only)	IȢ iȣ	IȢ iȣ (ligature)	ĬȢ ĭȣ
Ꙗ ꙗ	Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)	Ꙗ ꙗ	Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ	IА Iа ꙗ	Ia ia	Ĭa ĭa	Ĭa ĭa
Ѥ ѥ	Йє йє	Ĭe ĭe	Ĭe ĭe	Ĭε ĭε	Ie ie	Ĭe ĭe	Ĭe ĭe
Ѧ ѧ	Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)	Ꙗ ꙗ	Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ	IА Iа ꙗ	Ia ia	Ĭa ĭa	Ĭa ĭa
Ѫ ѫ	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Ꙟ ꙟ	Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)	Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)	Î î	Î î
Ѯ ѯ	Кс кс	Кс кс	Ks ks	Кс кс	Кс кс	Ks ks	Ks ks
Ѱ ѱ^[h]	Пс пс	Пс пс	Пs пs	Пс пс	Пс пс	Пs пs	Пs пs
Ѳ ѳ^[h]	Т т	Т т	T t	Ѳ ѳ	Т т	T t	T t
Ѵ ѵ^[h]	И, Ꙋ	I, Ꙋ	I,ȣ	І,ȣ	І,ȣ	I,ȣ	I,ȣ
Ꙟ ꙟ	Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм	Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм	Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм	Ꙟɴ ꙟɴ Ꙟм ꙟм	Ꙟn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟm	În în Îm îm	În în Îm îm
Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ	Џ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

[edit]

According to a document from the 1850s,^[15] this is how the RomanianLord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.

Та́тъль нѡ́стрꙋ	Tatăl nostru
Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ: Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть. Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй. Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре, пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй. Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ. Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.	Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințească-se numele tău: Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cum în ceriu, și pre pământ. Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi. Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre, pre cum și noi iertăm datornicilor noștri. Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de cel rău. Că ata iaste împărăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amin.

Та́тъль нѡ́стрꙋ

Tatăl nostru

Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ:
Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть.
Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй.
Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре,
пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй.
Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ.
Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.

Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințească-se numele tău:
Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cum în ceriu, și pre pământ.
Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.
Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,
pre cum și noi iertăm datornicilor noștri.
Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de cel rău.
Că ata iaste împărăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amin.

Early 19th century Romanian Cyrillic alphabet (Alecsandri, 1863)
One of the oldest surviving documents in Romanian:Neacșu's Letter, a trader fromCâmpulung, sent to the mayor ofBrașov (1521)
Title page ofCarte Romănească de Învățătură (Varlaam Moțoc, 1643)
A page of theGospel Book printed in Bucharest (1723)
TheLord's Prayer, in a 1786 religious document
Title page ofLegiuirea lui Caragea, a legal code of Wallachia (1818)
First edition ofGazeta de Transilvania (1838)
Title page ofThe Theoretical and Practical Basis of Church music or the Melodic Grammar (Anton Pann, 1845)
Transitional alphabet (fragment ofDimitrie Bolintineanu'sCălătorii pe Dunăre și în Bulgaria, 1858)
The title page of theCantacuzino Bible, the first complete translation of the Bible into Romanian (1688).

Notes

[edit]

^Earlist known usage dated back to 1521Neacșu's letter.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fInitial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Оу/Ꙋ, Ꙗ/Ѧ.
^Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the lettersІ,Ю,Ȣ andѠ also accept abrevity sign.
^Inloanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through theGreek language), lettersИ andІ correspond toeta andiota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage followsBulgarian alphabet, namely,І before vowels, otherwiseИ.
^In earlier documents,Ї was preferred if no any other diacritic accepted.
^The distinction ofѠ andО is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
^^a ^b ^cLettersĭ andŭ represent a barely spoken/heardi oru.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gLettersѮ,Ѱ,Ѳ andѴ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names andtoponyms).
^-лѡр only

References

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^Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică,Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest:Editura Academiei, 1987
^George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei,Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest:Editura Academiei, 1969
^Grigore Chiriță,Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004,ISBN 978-973-270-984-9
^Romulus, Ionașcu (1894).Sisteme ortografice în scrierea limbei꙼ române [Orthographical systems of the Romanian language] (in Romanian). pp. 11–15.
^Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, ed. (2016-03-03)."The Syntax of Old Romanian".OUP Academic.doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.001.0001.
^According toCostache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published inCurier de Ambe Sexe, I, nr. 22, p.337–343
^Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
^Грамматикъ практїкъ романо-францозѧскъ [modernised: Grammatică practică romano-franțozească] [Practical Romanian-French grammar] (in Romanian). 1833. Retrieved2012-10-22.
^Dimitrie, Țichindeal (1838).Філософіче ші політіче прін fabule înвъцътꙋрĭ морале [modernised: Filosofice și politice prin fabule învățaturĭ morale] [Philosophies and politics through fables and moral teachings] (in Romanian). Retrieved2012-10-22.
^"Treboniu A."-1; "Bălcescu"-2, "Laurian"-1; "Nicolae"-2 (1846).Magazinu istoriku пентрꙋ Dacia [The historical magazine for Dacia] (in Romanian). Retrieved2012-10-22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Ноꙋл Тестамент ал Домнꙋлꙋі ші Мꙟнтꙋіторꙋлꙋі нострꙋ Іісꙋс Хрістос[modernised: "Noul Testament al Domnului și Mîntuitorului nostru Iisus hristos"] [The new testament of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ] (in Romanian). 1846. Retrieved2012-10-22.
^G. Shakespeare, William (1848).Біографа лꙋі Віліам Г. Шекспір дꙋпе le Fourneur [modernised: "Biografia lui Viliam G. Șecspir dupe Le Fourneur."] [The biography of shakespeare after 'le Fourneur'] (in Romanian). Retrieved2012-10-22.
^Ioanid, George (1858).Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ [The history of Moldovo-Romania] (in Romanian). Retrieved2012-10-22.
^O. Dumitrescu (1860).Cîntece naționale [National songs] (in Romanian) (3rd ed.). Retrieved2012-10-22.
^File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg

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ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation

Syllabaries
Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell

Braille scripts

French-ordered

Albanian
Azerbaijani
Cantonese
Catalan
Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
Czech
Dutch
- 6-dot
- 8-dot
English (Unified English)
Esperanto
French
German
Ghanaian
Guarani
Hawaiian
Hungarian
Iñupiaq
IPA
Irish
Italian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
Maltese
Māori
Navajo
Nigerian
Philippine
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Samoan
Slovak
South African
Spanish
Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
Turkish
Vietnamese
Welsh
Yugoslav
Zambian

Nordic family	Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish
Russian lineage family i.e.Cyrillic-mediated scripts	Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian
Egyptian lineage family i.e.Arabic-mediated scripts	Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan)
Indian lineage family i.e.Bharati Braille	Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India)
Other scripts	Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan