| The Romance of the Rose | |
|---|---|
| byGuillaume de Lorris &Jean de Meun | |
 Illuminated leaf from a manuscript of the poem, 1390 | |
| Original title | Le Roman de la Rose |
| Written | c. 1230 (part 1) c. 1275 (part 2) |
| Language | Old French |
| Genre | Courtly literature |
 The Romance of the Rose at FrenchWikisource | |
Le Roman de la Rose (The Romance of the Rose) is a medievalpoem written inOld French and presented as anallegoricaldream vision. As poetry,The Romance of the Rose is a notable instance ofcourtly literature, purporting to provide a "mirror of love" in which the whole art ofromantic love is disclosed. Its two authors conceived it as a psychological allegory; throughout the Lover's quest, the wordRose is used both as the name of the titular lady and as an abstract symbol offemale sexuality. The names of the other characters function both as personal names and asmetonyms illustrating the different factors that lead to and constitute alove affair. Its long-lasting influence is evident in the number of surviving manuscripts of the work, in the many translations and imitations it inspired, and in the praise and controversy it inspired.
The Romance of the Rose was written in two stages by two authors. In the first stage of composition, circa 1230,Guillaume de Lorris wrote 4,058 verses describing a courtier's attempts at wooing his beloved woman. The first part of the poem's story is set in awalled garden, an example of alocus amoenus, a traditionalliterary topos inepic poetry andchivalric romance. Forty-five years later, circa 1275, in the second stage of composition,Jean de Meun or Jehan Clopinel wrote 17,724 additional lines, in which he expanded the roles of his predecessor's allegorical personages, such as Reason and Friend, and added new ones, such as Nature and Genius.[1] They, in encyclopedic breadth, discuss the philosophy of love.
The Romance of the Rose was both popular and controversial. One of the most widely read works in France through the Renaissance, it was possibly the most read book in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.[2] Its emphasis on sensual language and imagery, along with its supposed promulgation of misogyny, provoked attacks byJean Gerson,Christine de Pizan,Pierre d'Ailly, and many other writers and moralists of the 14th and 15th centuries. The historianJohan Huizinga has written: "It is astonishing that the Church, which so rigorously repressed the slightest deviations from dogma of a speculative character, suffered the teaching of thisbreviary of the aristocracy (for theRoman de la Rose was nothing else) to be disseminated with impunity."[3]
Later reactions suggested that it had a somewhatencyclopedic quality. The nineteenth-century scholar and writerGaston Paris wrote that it was "an encyclopedia in disorder", the British authorC. S. Lewis described it as having an "encyclopedic character", and the Russian literary criticMikhail Bakhtin wrote that the work was "encyclopedic (and synthetic) in its content".[4][5] One historian wrote that while theRoman de la Rose is obviously not an encyclopedia, "it evokes one, represents one, dreams one, perhaps, with all its aspirations and limitations".[6]
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About three hundred manuscript copies are extant,[7] one of the highest figures for a secular work. Many of these are illustrated, most with fewer than ten remaining illustrations, but there are a number with twenty or more illustrations,[8] and the exceptionalBurgundianBritish Library Harley MS 4425 has 92 large and high quality miniatures, despite a date around 1500; the text was copied by hand from a printed edition. These are by the artist known as theMaster of the Prayer Books of around 1500, commissioned by CountEngelbert II of Nassau.[9]
The peak period of production was the 14th century, but manuscript versions continued to be produced until the advent of printing, and indeed afterwards – there are at least seven manuscripts dated after 1500.[7] There are also sevenincunabula – printed editions before 1500 – the first fromGeneva in about 1481, followed by two from the city ofLyons in the 1480s and four from Paris in the 1490s.[10] An edition from Lyons in 1503 is illustrated with 140woodcuts.[11] Digital images of more than 140 of these manuscripts are available for study in theRoman de la Rose Digital Library.
Part of the story was translated from its originalOld French intoMiddle English asThe Romaunt of the Rose, which had a great influence on English literature.Chaucer was familiar with the original French text, and a portion of the Middle English translation is thought to be his work. Critics suggest that the character of "La Vieille" acted as source material for Chaucer's Wife of Bath. There were several other early translations into languages includingMiddle Dutch (Heinrik van Aken, c. 1280).Il Fiore is a "reduction" of the poem into 232 Italiansonnets by a "ser Durante", sometimes thought to have beenDante, although this is generally thought unlikely. Dante never mentions theRoman, but is often said to have been highly conscious of it in his own work. In 1900, the pre-RaphaeliteF. S. Ellis translated the whole of the poem into English verse, with the exception of a section describing a sexual encounter, which he included in an appendix in Old French with the note that he "believes that those who will read them will allow that he is justified in leaving them in the obscurity of the original".[12]C. S. Lewis's 1936 studyThe Allegory of Love renewed interest in the poem. In 2023, an opera inspired by the poem was premiered by American composerKate Soper.[13]
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