 | This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
John Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle | |
|---|---|
 John Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (1750–1842) in his peerage robes. Portrait byThomas Lawrence (1769–1830). Collection ofGreat Torrington Almshouse, Town Lands and Poors Charities, displayed inGreat Torrington Town Hall. Donated by Lord Clinton. | |
| Member of Parliament forDevon | |
| In office 1780-1796 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1750 (1750) England |
| Died | 3 April 1842 (aged 91–92) Bicton,Devon, England |
| Spouse(s) | Judith Walrond (d. 1819) |
| Parent |
|
| Relatives | Henry Rolle (uncle) John Rolle Walter (uncle) John Rolle (grandfather) |
| Education | Emmanuel College, Cambridge |
| Military career | |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | South Devon Militia Royal 1st Devon Yeomanry North Devon Yeomanry |
John Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (1750[nb 1] – 3 April 1842) was a British politician and peer who served as aMember of Parliament in general support ofWilliam Pitt the Younger and was later an active member of theHouse of Lords. His violent attacks onEdmund Burke andCharles James Fox in the early 1780s led to his being the target for satirical attack in theRolliad. He was colonel of theSouth Devon Militia and was instrumental in forming theRoyal 1st Devon Yeomanry and theNorth Devon Yeomanry.
He was a slave owner. At Emancipation he presented his estate on the island of Exuma in the Bahamas in perpetuity to his freed slaves, whose descendants still lived in what became known as Rolleville as late as the 1920s.[2]
He was the largest landowner in Devon, with about 55,000 acres centred on his seats ofStevenstone in the north andBicton House in the south-east,[nb 2] and thus was highly influential in that county. He promoted and financed several large engineering projects, including theRolle Canal in North Devon,Rolle Quay in Pottington, Barnstaple, and two road bridges over theRiver Torridge near Torrington, at Town Mills andWeare Giffard and the sea-wall at Exmouth.[nb 3] He was an active donor to charitable works in Devon, being patron of his family's almshouses atLivery Dole, Exeter, Otterton, Great Torrington and St Giles in the Wood[3] and of two schools in Otterton.[nb 4] Physically he was a large man, and made no pretension to an intellectual approach.Nathaniel William Wraxall wrote of him: "Nature had denied him all pretension to grace or elegance. Neither was his understanding apparently more cultivated than his manners were refined. He reminded me always of a Devonshire rustic, but he possessed plain common sense, a manly mind, and the faculty of stating his ideas in a few strong words." In later life he caused a disturbance at thecoronation of Queen Victoria when he fell on the stairs of the throne.
.jpg)
John Rolle was the only son ofDenys Rolle (1725–1797), ofHudscott,Chittlehampton, Devon,[nb 6] by his wife Anne Chichester (born 1721), a daughter by his second wife of Arthur Chichester (1670–1737/8) ofHall, Bishop's Tawton, Devon,[7] a junior line of the prolific Chichester family ofRaleigh, Pilton. Denys Rolle owned large estates inFlorida which he attempted to colonise and was heir to his elder brotherJohn Rolle Walter (1712–1779), MP, of Bicton andStevenstone, both sons ofJohn Rolle (1679–1730), MP, of Bicton and Stevenstone. On 27 July 1781 Denys "Walter" Esq. obtained royal licence "to take the surname and bear the arms of Rolle, pursuant to the will of the late John Rolle Walter Esq. of Stevenstone".[8] His brother John Rolle Walter (died 1779) had become the heir of his uncleSir Robert Walter, 4th Baronet (1680–1731) and had been required to adopt the surname of Walter. Denys Rolle (died 1797) had been leftHudscott and the lordship of the manor of Chittlehampton by his distant childless cousin Samuel Rolle (died 1747), only son of Samuel Rolle (1669–1735), MP, by his wife Dorothy Lovering. Samuel Rolle (died 1735) had himself inherited Hudscott from his mother Jane Lovering. He was the son of Dennis Rolle (died 1671) of Great Torrington (whose tombstone exists in Torrington Church), the younger brother of Robert Rolle (died 1660), MP, who had married Lady Arabella Clinton, both sons of Sir Samuel Rolle I (died 1647), ofHeanton Satcheville, MP for Barnstaple.
He was educated atWinchester College andEmmanuel College, Cambridge,[9] and became a country gentleman inDevon. He lived atTidwell, within the family owned manor ofEast Budleigh on the south Devon coast, certainly between 1786 and 1796.[10] The estate of Tidwell had been purchased by the Walrond family in about 1730,[11] and hence it may have been the property of Rolle's first wife Maria Walrond. This Georgian country house is now a hotel, in the renamed parish ofBudleigh Salterton. When his uncle John Rolle Walter died in November 1779, he was put forward to take up his seat in parliament. At this time, the seat ofDevon was controlled by a group of large landowners principally in the families of Courtenay ofPowderham, Bampfylde ofPoltimore and Rolle, who had so many supporters that no other challenge was possible. Due to the prohibitive expense of mounting an opposition, the county had not seen a contested election since 1712. Rolle was duly elected unopposed on 4 January 1780.
Because of the control of his county, Rolle was not under any political obligations. Although his family were traditionallyTory, Rolle was not a reliable vote for the Tory Prime Minister of the day,Lord North. He sometimes supported the government but just as often opposed it. However, following North's resignation, Rolle developed a vehement dislike ofCharles James Fox for recallingGeorge Rodney to a Naval command. When Fox, attempting to delay Parliamentary proceedings to get in more of his supporters, put off the Call of the House, Rolle attacked his supporters' unpunctuality.
He supported theShelburne government's peace proposals in 1783, although he had not been a consistent supporter of that ministry (being rated by Robinson, the Parliamentary manager, as 'doubtful'). During the Fox-North Coalition, Rolle was appalled whenEdmund Burke reappointed two Pay Office officials called Powell and Bembridge who were under suspicion of embezzlement, and made vituperative attacks until Burke agreed to accept their resignations.
John Rolle joined the South Devon Militia as an ensign and in 1796 as its commanding officer he took it to Ireland to help to suppress the rising which occurred when Britain was at war with France. On his return to Devon he displayed a great interest in the Volunteer Cavalry known as the Yeomanry, and in 1801 he was instrumental in reorganising various south Devon independent units into theRoyal 1st Devon Yeomanry, and in 1802 he instituted another corps of north Devon units into theNorth Devon Yeomanry (later designated the Royal North Devon Hussars) under his command.[12]In February 1812 it appears Lord Rolle led his regiment to Nottingham as part of a larger force to suppress aLuddite rebellion. During the march his quartermaster-serjeant Richard I Braginton (1752–1812) died suddenly at Leicester, and Rolle erected a gravestone to his memory in St Martin's Church, Leicester inscribed thus:[13]
"Beneath are deposited the remains of Richard Braginton Quarter Master Serjeant of the South Devon Militia who expir'd suddenly in this Town on his march to Nottingham[14][nb 7] in the night of 15th of February 1812 after retiring to rest in perfect health AGED 60 YEARS He served 40 in the said Regiment with unabated Zeal, diligence and Loyalty to his King; and firm attachment to his Country; While his private conduct was equally commendable. For Rectitude, Probity and Sobriety He was esteem'd by his Officers and beloved by his fellow Soldiers. To perpetuate the remembrance of his worth, This stone was caus'd to be erected By his Colonel Lord ROLLE. Reader! may this additional Example of the awful uncertainty of Life prove a warning to thee to prepare for a similar fate, by a faithful discharge of the duties of thy station; and by an humble reliance on the merits of thy Redeemer."
Rolle appointed his son Richard II Braginton (1784–1869) as steward of Stevenstone, and the latter's son George Braginton (1808–1886), a merchant and banker, mayor of Great Torrington, was in 1830 Lord Rolle's agent for theRolle Canal of which he purchased a lease in 1852, ten years after Lord Rolle's death.
At the age of 90 Rolle had sufficient vitality to ride at the head of the 1st Devon Yeomanry at its annual inspection.[15]
The violence of his attack led the supporters of Fox and Burke to make him the chief object of theRolliad, which purported to be a literary criticism of an epic poem but was actually a vehicle used by the authors to insult all their opponents. The dedication of theRolliad reads:
Illustrious ROLLE! O may thy honour'd name
Roll down distinguish'd on the rolls of fame!
Still first be found on Devon's county polls!
Still future Senates boast their future ROLLES!
It gives a spoof pedigree of the Rolle family, which cannot in reality be traced further back than 16th-century Dorset, as sprung from "Rollo, Duke of the Normans". Although Rolle seemed to be an opponent of Fox, he was not a true supporter of Pitt. He opposed Pitt on parliamentary reform and on theDuke of Richmond's fortifications plan, and was a member of theSt. Alban's Tavern group which tried to create a united Ministry involving both Pitt and Fox. He consistently described himself as an "independent country gentleman".
Rolle backed Pitt on the regency crisis in 1789, making a direct attack on thePrince of Wales' relations withMaria Fitzherbert which was thought inappropriate by the Whigs. Rolle responded by saying that he would have made the same speech if the whole House was against him. In the general election in 1790 he was forced into a token contest against a Bampfylde Whig and declared his "firm attachment to Mr Pitt, founded on personal esteem as well as public principles", and was returned with a healthy majority.
His opposition to Parliamentary reform continued and intensified due to theFrench Revolution of 1789; he spoke againstThomas Paine's doctrines and supported the repressive legislation aimed at damping down revolutionary sentiment in Britain. He supported moves to abolish slavery and campaigned for a reduction of duty on horses (suggesting a heavy tax on the employment of foreign servants be used to replace the revenue). He bestowed all of his significant land holdings inExuma, Bahamas, to hisslaves, in gratitude for which a number of towns on Great Exuma have been named after him, such as Rolleville andRolletown. A large proportion of the inhabitants today are surnamed Rolle, some of the famous ones amongst whom areEsther Rolle, actress;Myron Rolle andMagnum Rolle, American football and basketball players respectively.
The 1790s saw him attempting to obtain a peerage for himself or his father who had returned to the life of an English country gentleman after the failure of his American colonisation schemes. His father was uninterested but Pitt made a firm promise to Rolle himself, so long as a problematic by-election in Devon was not thereby caused by his removal to the House of Lords. At the dissolution of Parliament in 1796, Rolle was duly ennobled asBaron Rolle, of Stevenstone in the County of Devon.[16]
In 1797 Rolle's father died and he inherited all of the family's extensive estates, which were reckoned in 1809 to be worth £70,000 per annum. He was an active member of the House of Lords, and became increasingly conservative: he was one of 22 'stalwarts' to vote against the third reading of theReform Bill of 1832. During a parliamentary debate in July 1834 theLord Chancellor,Lord Brougham, attacked Rolle in a speech. When Brougham sat down, Rolle came up to him at theWoolsack and told him: "My Lord, I wish you to know that I have the greatest contempt for you both in this House and out of it".[17]
On 28 June 1838, the infirm Lord Rolle attended thecoronation of Queen Victoria. What happened was later described by the Queen in her diary:
Poor old Ld Rolls [sic], who is 82 [sic] and dreadfully infirm, in attempting to ascend the steps fell and rolled quite down, but was not the least hurt; when he attempted to re-ascend them I got up and advanced to the end of the steps in order to prevent another fall.
The diaristCharles Greville, who was present at the coronation, described the scene:
[Lord Rolle] fell down as he was getting up the steps of the throne. Her first impulse was to rise, and when afterwards he came again to do homage she said, "May I not get up and meet him?" and then rose from the throne and advanced down one or two of the steps to prevent his coming up, an act of graciousness and kindness which made a great sensation. It is, in fact, the remarkable union of naïveté, kindness, nature, good-nature, with propriety and dignity, which makes her so admirable and so endearing to those about her, as she certainly is.[18]
The incident is also included in the latter part of the tenth verse ofRichard Harris Barham'sMr. Barney Maguire's Account of the Coronation:
Then the trumpets braying, and the organ playing,
And the sweet trombones, with their silver tones;
But Lord Rolle was rolling;— t'was mighty consoling
To think his Lordship did not break his bones!
Lord Rolle constructed several major engineering works and other buildings including:
Rolle married twice, neither of which marriages produced any offspring.
He was aged 201⁄2, therefore legally still a minor not having reached his majority of 21, when his father arranged for him to marry the 17-year-old Judith Maria Walrond. She was the daughter and heiress, by his wife Sarah Oke, of William Walrond, by then deceased, of Bovey House, Beer, between Beer (nearSeaton) and Branscombe on the south Devon coast, thus near Bicton. The Walronds were a prominent and ancient Devon family, the main branch of which was seated atBradfield House,Uffculme, which after the 1860 extensions became one of the largest mansions in Devon. The family had held the manor of Beer since the 13th century.[28] Lord Rolle's adoptive heir Hon.Mark Rolle (died 1907) later rebuilt the large parish church of Beer. Rolle's father and Judith's mother procured an Act of Parliament in 1772 enabling the two minors to settle their prospectiveentailed inheritances into amarriage settlement, the beneficiaries being the offspring of the marriage. However no children resulted and Judith died in 1819.
On 24 September 1822 atHuish,[1] Devon, the seat ofLord Clinton, at the age of 72 Rolle married his very distant cousin the 28-year-old Louisa Trefusis (1794–1885), daughter of Robert George William Trefusis, 17th Baron Clinton (1764–1797). Whilst Rolle himself was descended from George Rolle (died 1573), of Marhayes in the parish ofWeek St Mary in Cornwall, the second son of the founder of the family,George Rolle of Stevenstone (died 1552), MP forBarnstaple, Louisa was descended from the latter's fourth son Henry Rolle, who had married Margaret Yeo, the heiress ofHeanton Satchville inPetrockstowe parish, Devon. Henry Rolle's great-grandsonRobert Rolle (died 1660), MP, of Heanton Satchville, had married Lady Arabella Clinton, one of the two co-heiresses of their nephewEdward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln and 13th Baron Clinton (died 1692). On the extinction of the senior line of the Rolle-Clinton union on the death ofGeorge Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford and 16th Baron Clinton, their heir became the descendants of their daughter Bridget Rolle (1648–1721) who had married in 1672 Francis Trefusis of the manor of Trefusis in Cornwall. Louisa Trefusis, the second wife of Lord Rolle, was fifth in descent from Francis Trefusis and Bridget Rolle, being the daughter of Robert George William Trefusis, 17th Baron Clinton (1764–1797), of Trefusis, Cornwall. An epigram "much bandied about the county" at the time of the marriage went as follows:[nb 10]
How comes it, Rolle, at seventy two
Hale Rolle, Louisa to the altar led?
The thing is neither strange nor new
Louisa took the Rolle for want of bread.
A marble bust of Louisa exists in theOrangery at Bicton House. Louisa and Rolle shared a love of gardening and created the grand landscaped garden at Bicton, now open to the public asBicton Park Botanical Gardens. An American traveller, Elihu Burritt, visited Bicton in 1864 and described her hostess in terms of great praise:[31]
"This lady is a remarkable woman, without equal or like in England...she is a female rival ofAlexander the Great. The world that the Grecian conqueror subjugated was a small affair in space compared with the two hemispheres which this English lady has taken by the hair of the head and bound to her chair of state. It seems to have been her ambition for nearly half a century to do what was never done before by man or woman in filling her great park and gardens with a collection of trees and shrubs that should be to them what theBritish Museum is to the relics of antiquity and the literature of all ages".
At the time of her death in December 1885, theNew York Times obituary[32] reported:
"Lady Rolle was a very clever woman, wonderful to the last in her capacity for business, and for her strong, shrewd common sense, and always resolute to have her own way in everything."
Louisa built several buildings in Devon including:
Rolle's second marriage also produced no children. It had been thought that hisheir presumptive was his next-of-kin, Rev. John Moore-Stevens (1784–1865),Archdeacon of Exeter, younger brother of Thomas Moore-Stevens (1782–1832), JP, ofCross, Little Torrington, appointed by Lord Rolle in 1822 as vicar ofOtterton, a manor adjoining Bicton purchased by Rolle's father Denys Rolle (died 1797).[nb 11] Rev. Moore-Stevens's grandmother was Christiana Maria Rolle (1710–1780), Lord Rolle's aunt, who had married Henry Stevens (1689–1748) of Cross. He married Anne Eleanor Roberts, daughter of Rev. William Roberts, fellow and vice-provost ofEton College. An inscribed white marble tablet exists to the memory of his wife and himself in Exeter Cathedral.[nb 12] His son wasJohn Moore-Stevens (born 1818), JP, DL, MP forNorth Devon,High Sheriff of Devon 1870,[34] who rebuilt Winscott House,Peters Marland, in 1865. Lord Rolle however had decided to appoint as his heir Louisa's younger nephew, the six-year-old Hon.Mark George Kerr Trefusis (1835–1907), the younger brother of Charles Trefusis (1834–1904) 20th Baron Clinton. Whether his marriage to Louisa had been by chance or dynastic design, in fact the Trefusis Barons Clinton would have had an excellent claim to be his closest kin and legal heirs. Thus Rolle had followed his family's ancient practice of keeping the estates "in the family". His will required his young heir to change his name to Rolle, which he duly performed, and to adopt the Rolle arms in lieu of those of Trefusis. However, his design to revive the Rolle family was ultimately unsuccessful as Mark Rolle produced only two daughters and no son, and the Rolle inheritance passed to his male heir, his nephew, Charles John Robert Trefusis (1863–1957), 21st Baron Clinton.The Trefusis family had several generations before inherited the estates of the Rolle family ofHeanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, the most junior line of the family descended from the patriarchGeorge Rolle (died 1552), and thus added to those large landholdings the huge Stevenstone and Bicton estates. However, liquid funds were not available to meet the large death duties, and much of the Stevenstone estate was sold to meet the tax liability.
Rolle died in 1842 atBicton House inDevon.[35] As part of her re-building of Bicton Church as St Mary's Church, completed in 1850, his widow Louisa retained as a Rollemausoleum part of the ruins of the ancient Church of the Holy Trinity on the site and erected therein an elaborate monument to the memory of her husband, designed by Pugin and sculpted in the London workshop of George Myers. It consists of a Gothic-stylechest tomb in front of a high arch filled-in with Gothic-style tracery and sculpted figures. In the same mausoleum is thebaroque monument to his distant cousinDenys Rolle (1614–1638), who had inherited Bicton from his mother Anne Denys. He was third in descent from John Rolle (died 1570), the eldest son and heir of the patriarchGeorge Rolle (died 1552) of Stevenstone, MP for Barnstaple. The Rolle Mausoleum is the private property of Lord Clinton and is not open to the public as from 2012.
The text of the Mural monument in St Giles Church, St Giles in the Wood is as follows:
"This monument by the directions of the undermentioned ANNE ROLLE of Hudscott is erected in the memory of DENYS ROLLE of Stevenstone in this parish, Esquire who died the 24th of June 1797 Aged 72 and ANNE, his wife daughter of ARTHUR CHICHESTER of Hall in this County, Esquire who died the 24th May 1781 Aged 64. ISABELLA HENRIETTA CHARLOTTA ROLLE their eldest daughter died in the lifetime of her parents aged 16. ANNE ROLLE above mentioned, their second daughter, died the 16th of June 1842 Aged 87. CHRISTIANA PHILIPPA MARIA ROLLEthe youngest daughter, died the 3rd of February 1831 aged 72. Lucilla ROLLE died the 24th of July 1851 aged 94. The Remains of the above lie interred in the Family Vault in this Church.JOHN, BARON ROLLE, of Stevenstone son of the said DENYS and ANNE ROLLE, and the last male descendant of the family died without issue the 3rd of April 1842, Aged 92, and was buried in the Family Vault in Bicton Church in the County. LOUISA LADY ROLLE, second wife of the above, died Nov 20th 1885, Aged 91, and was buried in Bicton Church Yard"
Media related toJohn Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle at Wikimedia Commons
| Parliament of Great Britain | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forDevon 1780–1796 (withJohn Parker 1780–1784; John Pollexfen Bastard 1784–1816) | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
