| Rogation days | |
|---|---|
 Blessing the Fields on Rogation Sunday atHever, Kent in 1967 | |
| Observed by | Christians |
| Liturgical color | Violet |
| Observances | Fasting and processions |
| Date | 25 April (Major) Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday preceding Ascension Thursday (Minor) |
| 2024 date | 25 April; 6–8 May |
| 2025 date | 25 April; 26–28 May |
| Frequency | annual |
| Related to | Ascension Thursday |
Rogation days are days of prayer and fasting inWestern Christianity. They are observed with processions and theLitany of the Saints. The so-calledmajor rogation is held on 25 April;[a] theminor rogations are held on Monday to Wednesday precedingAscension Thursday.[1] The wordrogation comes from theLatin verbrogare, meaning "to ask", which reflects the beseeching of God for the appeasement of his anger and for protection from calamities.[2][3]
Rogation Sunday is celebrated on the 5th Sunday after Easter (also known as the 6th Sunday of Easter) in theAnglican tradition.[4][5] This day is also known in theLutheran tradition as Rogate Sunday.[6]
The Christian major rogation replaced a paganRoman procession known asRobigalia, at which a dog was sacrificed to propitiate Robigus, the deity of agricultural disease.[7][2] The practitioners observing Robigalia asked Robigus for protection of their crops fromwheat rust.[2]
The minor Rogation days were introduced around AD 470 byMamertus,bishop of Vienne, and eventually adopted elsewhere. Their observance was ordered by theCouncil of Orleans in 511, and though the practice was spreading inGaul during the 7th century, it was not officially adopted into theRoman rite until the reign ofPope Leo III (died 816).[8]
The faithful typically observed the Rogation days byfasting and abstinence in preparation to celebrate theAscension, and farmers often had their crops blessed by a priest at this time.[9] Violetvestments are worn at the rogation litany and its associated Mass, regardless of what colour is worn at the ordinary liturgies of the day.[2]
A common feature of Rogation days in former times was the ceremony ofbeating the bounds, in which a procession of parishioners, led by the minister, churchwarden, andchoirboys, would proceed around the boundary of theirparish and pray for its protection in the forthcoming year. This was also known in the northern parts of England as 'Gang-day' or 'gan week', after the old English name for going or walking.[10] This was also a feature of the original Roman festival, when revellers would walk to a grove five miles from the city to perform their rites.[7]Thomas Johnson (1633), speaking of the birch tree, mentions another name: Cross-week: "It serveth well to the decking up of houses and banquetting-rooms, for places of pleasure, and for beautifying of streets in the Crosse or Gang Week, and such like."[11]
The Rogation Day ceremonies are thought to have arrived in theBritish Isles in the 7th century.
The oldest knownSarum text regarding Rogation Days is dated from around 1173 to 1220.[10] In it, celebrations in the south of England are described, in which processions were led by members of the congregation carrying banners which represented various biblical characters. At the head of the procession was the dragon, representingPontius Pilate, which would be followed by a lion, representingChrist. After this there would be images of saints carried by the rest of the congregation.[12] Many torches were present at each procession, weighing between 42 lb (19 kg) and 27 lbs (12 kg), which were bought by the church and parishioners jointly.[13]
Sarum texts from the 13th and 15th centuries show that the dragon was eventually moved to the rear of the procession on the vigil of the Ascension, with the lion taking the place at the front. Illustrations of the procession from the early 16th century show that the arrangements had been changed yet again, this time also showing bearers ofreliquaries andincense.[12]
During the reign of KingHenry VIII, Rogation processions were used as a way to assist crop yields, with a notable number of the celebrations taking place in 1543 when there were prolonged rains.
During the reign ofKing Edward VI, the Crown having taken much of theChurch's holdings within the country, liturgical ceremonies were not officially condoned or recognized as an official part of worship. However, in the reign of QueenElizabeth I the celebrations were explicitly mentioned in theroyal reformation, allowing them to resume as public processions.[14]
Rogation processions continued in the post-ReformationChurch of England much as they had before, andAnglican priests were encouraged to bring their congregations together for inter-parish processions. At specific intervals, clerics were to remind their congregations to be thankful for their harvests.Psalms 103 and 104 were sung, and people were reminded of the curses the Bible ascribed to those who violated agricultural boundaries. The processions were not mandatory, but were at the discretion of the local minister, and were also ascribed more importance when a public right of way needed to be protected from agricultural or other expansion.[14]
The marches would follow prescribed routes, with York and Coventry being unique in their followingroyal entries.[15] On other routes, altars were erected at certain locations whereantiphons were sung.[16]
AnyRoman Catholic imagery or icons were banned from the processions. The then Archdeacon of Essex,Grindal of London, besought the church explicitly to label the tradition as a perambulation of the parish boundaries (beating the bounds), further to distance it from the Catholic liturgy. In the bookSecond Tome of Homelys, a volume containing officially sanctioned homilies of the Elizabethan church, it was made clear that the English Rogation was to remember town and other communal boundaries in a social and historical context, with extra emphasis on the stability gained from lawful boundary lines.[14]
For years after Rogation Days were recognized, the manner in which they were observed in reality was very different from the official decree. Even before religious sensibilities turned towards thepuritanical, there were concerns about the lack of piety at such events.[17] While it was officially ordered that the entire congregation attend, bishops began urging their priests to invite only older and more pious men. This, they believed, would stop the drunken revelry. Royal Injunctions concerning the practice were reinterpreted to restrict and regulate participants of the festivities.[14]Robert Herrick penned a piece to capture the mood of the celebrations before their repression:
Dearest, bury me
Under that Holy-oak, or Gospel Tree
Where (though thou see'st not) thou may'st think upon
Me, when you yearly go'st Procession.[citation needed]
In London, Rogation Days, just likeEaster orHocktide, were times when begging was "legitimate" for the period of celebration.[18] Though not widely celebrated in the modernChurch of England, the holiday is still observed in some areas.[19]
The reform of the Liturgical Calendar for Roman Catholics in 1969 delegated the establishment of Rogation Days, along withEmber Days, to theepiscopal conferences.[20] Their observance in the Latin Church subsequently declined, but the observance has revived somewhat since Pope John Paul II allowed Rogation days as a permitted, but not mandated, observance.[19] For those Catholics who continue to celebrate Mass according to theGeneral Roman Calendar of 1960 or earlier, the Rogation Days are still kept, unless a higher ranking feast would occur on the day.[21]
The new, Protestant version of the Rogation days became such a fixture in Church life that the tradition was carried over to the English churches across the British Empire, including to the Americas by British colonists in Bermuda,Jamaica,Barbados, Virginia andSouth Carolina.[22] Rogation days continue as an optional observance in theEpiscopal Church,[23] and in Anglican Provinces around the world. Although early Rogation celebrations were associated with rural life, agriculture and fishing, theBook of Common Prayer in many jurisdictions has been expanded to includepropers for commerce and industry and the stewardship of creation, as well as a fruitful season, and rubrics were added for their use.[24]
Robigalia.
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