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Robert Trivers | |
|---|---|
| Born | Robert Ludlow Trivers (1943-02-19)February 19, 1943 (age 82) Washington, D.C., United States |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Known for | Evolution of social behavior |
| Spouses |
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| Children | 5 |
| Awards | Crafoord Prize (2007) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biology |
| Institutions | Rutgers University |
| Thesis | Natural Selection and Social Behavior (1972) |
| Doctoral advisor | Ernest Williams[1] |
| Website | roberttrivers |
Robert Ludlow "Bob" Trivers (/ˈtrɪvərz/; born February 19, 1943) is an Americanevolutionary biologist andsociobiologist. Trivers proposed the theories ofreciprocal altruism (1971),parental investment (1972), facultativesex ratio determination (1973), andparent–offspring conflict (1974). He has also contributed by explainingself-deception as an adaptive evolutionary strategy (first described in 1976) and discussingintragenomic conflict.[2][failed verification]
Some of Trivers' work was funded byJeffrey Epstein, and Trivers later defended the convicted criminal's reputation.[3] In 2015 he was suspended fromRutgers University after he refused to teach an assigned course.[4]
Robert Trivers was born to Howard Trivers, a Jewish-American diplomat.Trivers studied evolutionary theory withErnst Mayr and William Drury at Harvard from 1968 to 1972, when he earned hisPhD inbiology.[5] At Harvard, he published a series of some of the most influential and highly cited papers in evolutionary biology. His first major paper as a graduate student was "The evolution of reciprocal altruism", published in 1971.[6] In this paper Trivers offers a solution to the longstanding problem of cooperation among unrelated individuals and by doing so overcame a crucial problem for how to police the system by proposing how natural selection could evolve ways to detect cheaters.
His next major work, "Parental investment and sexual selection", was published the following year. Here Trivers proposed a general framework for understanding sexual selection that had eluded evolutionary thinkers sinceCharles Darwin. Arguably his most important paper, it arose from watching male and female pigeons out the window of his third floor apartment inCambridge, Massachusetts, and by his reading a 1948 paper byAngus Bateman ("Intra-sexual selection inDrosophila") which demonstrated that sex differences in the intensity of selection in fruit flies were based on their ability to obtain mates.[7] The primary insight of Trivers was that the key variable underlying the evolution of sex differences across species was relative parental investment in offspring.
Trivers was on the faculty atHarvard University from 1973 to 1978, and then moved to theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz where he was a faculty member 1978 to 1994. He is aRutgers University faculty member. In the 2008–09 academic year, he was a Fellow at theBerlin Institute for Advanced Study.[8]
Trivers was awarded the 2007Crafoord Prize in Biosciences for "his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation".[9][10][3]
Trivers metHuey P. Newton, Chairman of theBlack Panther Party, in 1978 when Newton applied while in prison to do a reading course with Trivers as part of a graduate degree inHistory of Consciousness atUC Santa Cruz.[11] Trivers and Newton became close friends: Newton was godfather to one of Trivers's daughters.[6] Trivers joined the Black Panther Party in 1979.[12] He and Newton published an analysis of the role ofself-deception by the flight crew in the crash ofAir Florida Flight 90.[13] Trivers was "ex-communicated" from the Panthers by Newton in 1982 for "his own good."[14]
Trivers accepted $40,000 from notorious sex offenderJeffrey Epstein. Trivers made remarks indicating his support for Epstein to Reuters in 2015, even after his conviction, minimising Epstein's crimes and defending his reputation. Trivers said of Epstein's assaults on underage girls "by the time they're 14 or 15 they're like grown women were 60 years ago, so I don't see the acts as so heinous." Reuters reported that Trivers said Epstein "is a person of integrity who should be given credit for serving time in prison and for settling civil lawsuits brought by women who said they were abused".[3][15] In 2017, Trivers described his relationship with Epstein as "valuable mostly because he is extremely bright, open-minded and widely travelled... he gives me consistent, warm support without me having to write endless applications for grants, and trusts me to put it to good use."[16][17]
In 2015, Rutgers University suspended Trivers with pay for refusing to teach a class on "Human Aggression" that had been assigned to him. Trivers told the class that he knew nothing about the subject and that he would do his best to learn the subject along with them with the help of a guest lecturer. Rutgers suspended Trivers for refusing to teach and for involving the students in the controversy. In an interview with the student newspaperThe Daily Targum, Trivers described himself as "one of the greatest social theorists in evolutionary biology alive, period," and stated that the assigned subject was out of his area of expertise, adding "You would think the university would show a little respect for my teaching abilities on subjects that I know about and not force me to teach a course on a subject that I do not at all master."[4]
Robert Trivers was born in Washington DC, son of Howard Trivers, a Jewish-American academic and US State Department diplomat who played a key role in thedenazification of post-war Germany, taking part in negotiations at thePotsdam Conference,1947 Moscow Conference, and the1949 Paris Conference, later involved in developing US policy related to the1956 Hungarian Uprising and theCuban missile crisis in 1962.[18][19][20] Growing up in a diplomatic household, Robert Trivers attended schools in Berlin, Copenhagen and Washington D.C, before attendingPhillips Academy in Massachusetts and going on to study American History at Harvard.[20][21]
Trivers has been open about his diagnosis ofbipolar disorder, which was first diagnosed when he had amanic episode at Harvard, requiring hospitalisation for several months and treatment withfirst generation antipsychotics.[19][21] During his recovery he developed an interest in psychology and social biology, although initially chose not to pursue this, applying to law school at Harvard and Yale; he was rejected from both, in part due to his mental health.[19][21] He went on to get a doctorate in evolutionary biology from Harvard before joining the faculty, moving toUC Santa Cruz in 1977 and Rutgers in 1994.[21]Trivers spent around 13 years living on and off in Jamaica, and has been married twice to Jamaican women.[19] As of 2016 he had five children, and eight grandchildren.[21]
