Principal Robert Rollock | |
|---|---|
 Robert Rollock,Principal of the University of Edinburgh | |
| Church | Church of Scotland |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1555 Powis,Scotland |
| Died | 8 or 9 February 1599 Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Alma mater | University of St Andrews,University of Edinburgh |
Robert Rollock (c. 1555 – 8 or 9 February 1599) was a Scottish theologian and minister in theChurch of Scotland, and the first regent and firstprincipal of theUniversity of Edinburgh. Born into a noble family, he distinguished himself during his education at theUniversity of St Andrews, which led to him being appointed regent of the newly created college in Edinburgh in 1583, and its first principal in 1586.
After the college had grown and other regents had been appointed, Rollock no longer had to perform everyday teaching, and he became the university's first Professor of Theology. In parallel to his academic duties, he acted as a minister and served in various church functions until his death in 1599. Rollock was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a prolific academic andBiblical scholar, and effective principal.
Rollock was born in 1555, the son of David Rollock,laird of Powis, nearStirling, and his wife Mariota Livingston. He was one of at least six children,Hercules Rollock being his older brother. He received his early education at the school of Stirling from Thomas Buchanan, a nephew ofGeorge Buchanan.[1] Rollock then enteredSt Salvator's College at theUniversity of St Andrews in 1574, obtaining his BA in 1576 and his MA likely in 1577.[2] After graduating, he combined teaching at St Salvator's College with further studies in theology,Hebrew, and Biblicalphilology at St Mary's College (also in St Andrews) under the tutelage ofJames Melville. Over the next years, Rollock acquired a national reputation both as a teacher and due to thepiety he reportedly instilled in his students.[1] In 1580, he was first made examiner ofarts, then director of the faculty of arts, and finally a regent of the University of St Andrews.[1]
In April 1582, KingJames VI had granted aroyal charter toEdinburgh Town Council for the establishment of a college.[3][4] First known asTounis College (Town's College), instruction was to begin in October 1583, but the Town Council was still searching for a regent in September of the same year.James Lawson,John Knox' successor as minister atSt Giles' Kirk in Edinburgh, recommended Rollock for the position, and the town sent a delegation to St Andrews to offer the position to him.[2] Rollock agreed and was named the sole regent on 14 September, only one month before the first charge of 80 to 90 students began their education.[1] His appointment was guaranteed for one year; should the college be successful, it was agreed that he should be advanced to the highest post or title that might be created. Rollock's salary was fixed at 40pound Scots, and the council also agreed to "sustain him and one servant in their ordinary expenses".[4] Thetuition fees for the sons of burgesses were set at 40Shillings, and other students paid three pounds or more; Rollock would be given an augmentation not exceeding 40merks should the fees not afford him a sufficient salary.
When the university opened, Rollock was the sole instructor for the first-year students; as regent, he was expected to tutor the 1583 intake for the entirety of the four years of theirMA degree, and teach all subjects himself.[1] Rollock had drawn up the curriculum and was joined in November by a second master, Duncan Nairn of Glasgow, to do some preparatory teaching. The first year focused onLatin andGreek grammar; the second year featured authors fromclassical antiquity andarithmetic; year three addedHebrew, ethics,logic, andphysics; and the fourth year exposed students to more logic, physics,geography and theology.[2] Rollock's curriculum was deeply influenced byhumanist ideals which had also taken root at the universities ofGlasgow and St Andrews, but a pioneering course on humananatomy was an innovation.
From May 1585 to February 1586, Rollock was forced to close the college due to an outbreak ofplague.[2] In 1586, the Town Council agreed to make Rollock the university's first principal, which meant that after his first class graduated in 1587, he no longer had to perform everyday teaching.[5] The young university grew quickly, which necessitated the appointment of additional regents for subsequent student intakes. In November 1587, the Town Council and localpresbytery agreed that Rollock could focus on teaching theology and preach on Sundays, and he was consequently appointed as Professor of Theology with a salary of 400 merks.[2] Rollock instructed students indivinity if they wanted to becomeministers after graduating, and saw himself both as an educator and as a spiritual guide to his students.[1] Following his example, the posts of Principal and Professor of Theology remained linked until 1620.
Rollock had begun to preach informally at St Giles every Sunday morning as early as September 1587, although he was notordained as a minister. Another minister took over these duties in December 1589. Rollock played a prominent role in theChurch of Scotland and its somewhat troubled church politics, and was appointed on several occasions to committees of presbytery and assemblies on pressing ecclesiastical business.[5]
In 1590, Rollock was appointed assessor to themoderator of the general assembly, and in 1591 was named to a committee of the presbytery of Edinburgh with negotiated with the king on the affairs of thekirk.[6]: V:130 [1] In connection with the prosecution of the Earls ofAngus,Huntly, andErrol for their attempts 'against the true religion', he was chosen to confer with a committee of the estates.[6]: V:277 In 1595, he was nominated to a commission for the visitation of Scotland's colleges.[6]: V:371 In the following year, he was appointed with three other ministers to remonstrate with King James VI for his 'hard dealing with the kirk', and especially for his prosecution ofDavid Black.[6]: V:463
According to his contemporaryDavid Calderwood, Rollock was "a godly man, but simple in the matters of the church government, credulous, easily led by counsel".[6]: VIII:47 This supposed disposition led to him being won over to support the policy of the king in church matters, although Calderwood adds that Rollock understood "his own weakness in following the humours of the king and his commissioners".[6]: V:650 Rollock supported a proposal made in 1595 that certain ministers should be allowed to sit and vote in parliament as bishops, affirming that "lordship could not be denied them that were to sit in parliament, and allowance of rent to maintain their dignities".[6]: V:697 Church historian John Row points out that Rollock had previously condemned the office of bishops in his 1590 commentary on theEpistle to the Ephesians.[7] Rollock declared shortly before his death that his principal goal had been that church and state "should mutually assist each other, [...] and that no unnecessary war should be kindled".[8]
In 1596, Rollock accepted one of the eight ministerial charges of the city of Edinburgh, and took charge of his congregation.[9] His sympathy for the king's policies led to the royal party successfully lobbying for Rollock being chosen asmoderator of the General Assembly held atDundee in May 1597. In 1598 he became minister of the Upper Tolbooth—probably the west portion of St. Giles's Kirk—and on 18 April of the same year he was admitted to Magdalen Church, afterwards known asGreyfriars Kirk.
Rollock had repeatedly been in poor health throughout his life, and he was perhaps overworked; he died in Edinburgh on 8 February 1599, aged only 44.[5] On his deathbed, Rollock stated that he wanted the university to remain chiefly a place of spiritual instruction, and that he was strongly opposed to the introduction of professors oflaw and medicine.[1] He also requested that his former studentHenry Charteris would be made his successor, a wish which was granted by the Town Council.
David Calderwood, in his 1646Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, criticises Rollock's perceived weakness towards the king, but admits that he was "a man of good conversation and a powerful preacher".[6]: V:732 Rollock was considered a scholar of 'great learning', who also effectively discharged the duties of professor and principal of the university in its early days.
Rollock was the author of numerous theological works, the majority of them being commentaries or expositions of scripture. He was internationally recognised for his Bible commentaries, and over 40 of his works were printed in Edinburgh,Geneva,Heidelberg andHerborn.[1] His writings on theEpistle to the Ephesians and theEpistle to the Romans won particular praise, with Geneva theologianTheodore Beza stating he had "never read in this kind of interpretation any thing exceeding them in elegance and sound judgement united with brevity".[2] In two works published in 1596/97, Rollock may be one of the first exponents ofcovenant theology in Britain.[1]
Rollock married Helen Barroun, daughter ofJames Barroun of Kinnaird, around 1587. The couple had a posthumous daughter, Jean, who married Robert Balcanquhal, minister of Tranent.[10][11]
The university commemorates Rollock with a plaque on the south side ofOld College, at the entrance to the main university reception.[12]
Rollock encouraged his students to applyRamist logic and analysis to their readings of scripture, and he used the same approach in his published works. Rollock's principal works are:
Soon after his death eleven sermons (Certaine Sermons upon Several Places of the Epistles of Paul, 1599) were published from notes taken by his students.Selected Works of Rollock, edited by William Gunn, D.D., with the Latin life by Charteris, and notes to it, was printed by theWodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1844–49.[13][5]
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| Preceded by None | Edinburgh University Principals 1586–1599 | Succeeded by |
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