Robert J. Flaherty | |
|---|---|
 Flaherty in 1922 | |
| Born | Robert Joseph Flaherty (1884-02-16)February 16, 1884 Iron Mountain, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | July 23, 1951(1951-07-23) (aged 67) Dummerston, Vermont, U.S. |
| Occupation | Filmmaker |
| Spouse | Frances Johnson Hubbard |
| Children | Monica Flaherty Frassetto, 3 others[1][2] |
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Robert Joseph Flaherty,FRGS (/ˈflæ.ərti,ˈflɑː-/;[3] February 16, 1884 – July 23, 1951) was an American filmmaker who directed and produced the first commercially successful feature-lengthdocumentary film,Nanook of the North (1922). The film made his reputation and nothing in his later life fully equaled its success, although he continued the development of this new genre of narrative documentary withMoana (1926), set in theSouth Seas, andMan of Aran (1934), filmed in Ireland'sAran Islands. Flaherty is considered the father of both the documentary and theethnographic film.
Flaherty was married to writerFrances H. Flaherty from 1914 until his death in 1951. Frances worked on several of her husband's films, and received anAcademy Award nomination for Best Original Story forLouisiana Story (1948).
Flaherty was one of seven children born toprospector Robert Henry Flaherty (an Irish Protestant) and Susan Klockner (a German Catholic).
Due to exposure from his father's work as an iron ore explorer, he developed a natural curiosity for people of other cultures. Flaherty was an acclaimedstill-photographer inToronto. His portraits of American Indians and wild life during his travels are what led to the creation of his critically acclaimedNanook of the North. It was his enthusiasm and interests in these people that sparked his need to create a new genre of film.[4]
In 1914, he married his fiancéeFrances Hubbard. Hubbard came from a highly educated family, her father being a distinguished geologist. A graduate fromBryn Mawr College inPennsylvania, Hubbard studied music and poetry inParis and was also secretary of the localSuffragette Society. Following their marriage, Frances Flaherty became a crucial part of Robert's success in film. Frances took on the role ofdirector at times, and helped to edit and distribute her husband's films, even landing governmental film contracts for England.[5]
In 1909 he shared stories about information he was told by anInuk man named George Weetaltuk, grandfather ofMini Aodla Freeman.[6] Flaherty said he met Weetaltuk while visiting theHudson Bay in search ofiron ore. In his Weetaltuk story, Flaherty published a detailed map of the Inuit region and shared information about the bay that Weetaltuk had told him. His writing about George Weetaltuk would go on to be published in his book,My Eskimo Friends: "Nanook of the North".[7]
In 1913, on Flaherty's expedition to prospect theBelcher Islands, his boss,Sir William Mackenzie, suggested that he take a motion picture camera along. He brought aBell and Howell hand cranked motion picture camera. He was particularly intrigued by the life of the Inuit, and spent so much time filming them that he had begun to neglect his real work. When Flaherty returned to Toronto with 30,000 feet of film, thenitrate film stock was ignited in a fire started from his cigarette in his editing room. His film was destroyed and his hands were burned. Although his editing print was saved and shown several times, Flaherty was not satisfied with the results. "It was utterly inept, simply a scene of this or that, no relation, no thread of story or continuity whatever, and it must have bored the audience to distraction. Certainly it bored me."[8]
Flaherty was determined to make a new film, one following a life of a typical Inuk and his family. In 1920, he secured funds fromRevillon Frères, a French fur trade company to shoot what was to becomeNanook of the North.[9] On August 15, 1920, Flaherty arrived inPort Harrison,Quebec to shoot his film. He brought two Akeley motion-picture cameras which the Inuit referred to as "the aggie".[10] He also brought full developing, printing, and projection equipment to show the Inuit his film, while he was still in the process of filming. He lived in an attached cabin to the Revillon Frères trading post.
In makingNanook, Flaherty cast various locals in parts in the film, in the way that one would cast actors in a work of fiction. With the aim of showing traditional Inuit life, he also staged some scenes, including the ending, where Allakariallak (who acts the part of Nanook) and his screen family are supposedly at risk of dying if they could not find or build shelter quickly enough. The half-igloo had been built beforehand, with a side cut away for light so that Flaherty's camera could get a good shot. Flaherty insisted that the Inuit not use rifles to hunt[citation needed], though their use had by that time become common. He also pretended at one point that he could not hear the hunters' pleas for help, instead continuing to film their struggle and putting them in greater danger.[citation needed][10]
Melanie McGrath writes that, while living inNorthern Quebec for the year of filmingNanook, Flaherty had an affair with his lead actress, the young Inuk woman who played Nanook's wife. A few months after he left, she gave birth to his son, Josephie (December 25, 1921 – 1984), whom he never acknowledged. Josephie was one of theInuit who were relocated in the 1950s to very difficult living conditions inResolute andGrise Fiord, in the extreme north.[11] Corroboration of McGrath's account is not readily available and Flaherty never discussed the matter.
Nanook began a series of films that Flaherty made on the same theme of humanity against the elements. Others includedMoana: A Romance of the Golden Age, set in Samoa, andMan of Aran, set in the Aran Islands of Ireland. All these films employ the same rhetorical devices: the dangers of nature and the struggle of the communities to eke out an existence.
Nanook of the North (1922) was a successful film, and Flaherty was in great demand afterwards. On a contract withParamount to produce another film on the order ofNanook, he went toSamoa to filmMoana (1926). He shot the film inSafune on the island ofSavai'i where he lived with his wife and family for more than a year. The studio heads repeatedly asked fordaily rushes but Flaherty had nothing to show because he had not filmed anything yet — his approach was to try to live with the community, becoming familiar with their way of life before writing a story about it to film. He was also concerned that there was no inherent conflict in the islanders' way of life, providing further incentive not to shoot anything. Eventually he decided to build the film around theritual of a boy's entry to manhood. Flaherty was in Samoa from April 1923 until December 1924, with the film completed in December 1925 and released the following month. The film, on its release, was not as successful asNanook of the North domestically, but it did very well in Europe, inspiringJohn Grierson to coin the word "documentary".
Before the release ofMoana, Flaherty made two short films in New York City with private backing,The Pottery Maker (1925) andThe Twenty-Four Dollar Island (1927).Irving Thalberg ofMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer invited Flaherty to filmWhite Shadows in the South Seas (1928) in collaboration withW. S. Van Dyke, but their talents proved an uncomfortable fit, and Flaherty resigned from the production. Moving toFox Film Corporation, Flaherty spent eight months working on the Native American documentaryAcoma the Sky City (1929), but the production was shut down, and subsequently Flaherty's footage was lost in a studio vault fire. He then agreed to collaborate withF. W. Murnau on another South Seas picture,Tabu (1931). However, this combination proved even more volatile, and while Flaherty did contribute significantly to the story, the finished film, originally released byParamount Pictures, is essentially Murnau's.
AfterTabu, Flaherty was considered finished in Hollywood, and Frances Flaherty contactedJohn Grierson of the Empire Marketing Board Film Unit in London, who assigned Flaherty to the documentaryIndustrial Britain (1931). By comparison to Grierson and his unit, Flaherty's habitual working methods involved shooting relatively large amounts of film in relation to the planned length of the eventual finished movie, and the ensuing cost overruns obliged Grierson to take Flaherty off the project, which was edited by other hands into three shorter films.
Flaherty wrote a novel about the sea calledThe Captain's Chair which was published in 1938 by Scribner. This was presented on BBC Television in November that year, under the titleThe Last Voyage of Captain Grant, adapted and directed byDenis Johnston.[12][13]
Flaherty's career in Britain ended when producerAlexander Korda removed him from the productionElephant Boy (1937), re-editing it into a commercial entertainment picture.
ProducerMichael Balcon took Flaherty on to directMan of Aran (1934), which portrayed the harsh traditional lifestyle of the occupants of the isolatedAran Islands off the west coast of Ireland. The film was a major critical success, and for decades was considered in some circles an even greater achievement thanNanook. As withNanook,Man of Aran showed human beings' efforts to survive under extreme conditions: in this case, an island whose soils were so thin that the inhabitants carried seaweed up from the sea to construct fields for cultivation. Flaherty again cast locals in the various fictionalized roles, and made use of dramatic recreation of anachronistic behaviors: in this case, a sequence showing the hunting of sharks from small boats with harpoons, which the islanders had by then not practiced for several decades. He also staged the film's climactic sequence, in which three men in a small boat strive to row back to shore through perilously high, rock-infested seas.
Back in the United States,Pare Lorentz of theUnited States Film Service hired Flaherty to film a documentary about US agriculture, a project which becameThe Land. Flaherty and his wife covered some 100,000 miles, shooting 25,000 feet of film, and captured a series of striking images of rural America. Among the themes raised by Flaherty's footage were the challenge of the erosion of agricultural land and theDust Bowl (as well as the beginning of effective responses via improved soil conservation practices), mechanization and rural unemployment, and large-scale migration from the Great Plains to California. In the latter context, Flaherty highlighted competition for agricultural jobs between native-born Americans and migrants from Mexico and the Philippines.
The film encountered a series of obstacles. After production had begun, Congress abolished the United States Film Service, and the project was shunted to theU.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). With America's entry to World War II approaching, USDA officials (and the film's editorHelen van Dongen) attempted to reconcile Flaherty's footage with rapidly changing official messages (including a reversal of concern from pre-war rural unemployment to wartime labor shortages). Following theattack on Pearl Harbor, officials grew apprehensive that the film could project an unduly negative image of the US internationally, and although a prestige opening was held at theMuseum of Modern Art in 1942, the film was never authorized for general release.[14]
Louisiana Story (1948) was a Flaherty documentary shot by himself andRichard Leacock, about the installation of anoil rig in aLouisiana swamp. The film stresses the rig's peaceful and unproblematic coexistence with the surrounding environment, and it was in fact funded byStandard Oil, a petroleum company. The main character of the film is aCajun boy. The poetry of childhood and nature, some critics argue, is used to make exploration for oil look beautiful.Virgil Thomson composed the music for the film.
Flaherty was one of the makers ofThe Titan: Story of Michelangelo (1950), which won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The film was a re-edited version of the German/Swiss film originally titledMichelangelo: Life of a Titan (1938), directed by Curt Oertel. The re-edited version put a new English narration byFredric March and musical score onto a shorter edit of the existing film. The new credits include Richard Lyford as director and Robert Snyder as producer. The film was edited by Richard Lyford.[15]
Also in the early 1950s,Lowell Thomas, an investor and the most prominent promotor ofCinerama, was eager to secure his "good friend" Flaherty's endorsement of this pioneer film technology. Reportedly, Flaherty was very excited about Cinerama's promise, and for about a month, he tested the camera invented byFred Waller. But "just as he was to set forth round the world" to shoot Cinerama footage with Waller's camera, he died, which prompted Thomas to find and hire a new film crew and also join forces withMike Todd.[16]
Flaherty is considered a pioneer ofdocumentary film. He was one of the first to combine documentary subjects with a fiction-film-like narrative and poetic treatment.
A self-proclaimed explorer, Flaherty was inducted into theRoyal Geographic Society of England for his (re)discovery of the main island of the Belcher group inHudson Bay in 1914.[17]
Flaherty Island, one of theBelcher Islands in Hudson Bay, is named in his honor.[17]
TheFlaherty Seminar is an annual international forum for independent filmmakers and film-lovers, held in rural upstate New York atColgate University in mid June. The festival was founded in Flaherty's honor by his widow in 1955.[18]
Flaherty's contribution to the advent of the documentary is scrutinized in the 2010British Universities Film & Video Council award-winning andFOCAL International award-nominated documentaryA Boatload of Wild Irishmen,[19] written by ProfessorBrian Winston ofUniversity of Lincoln, UK, and directed byMac Dara Ó Curraidhín. The film explores the nature of "controlled actuality" and sheds new light on thinking about Flaherty. The argument is made that the impact of Flaherty's films on the indigenous peoples portrayed changes over time, as the films become valuable records for subsequent generations of now-lost ways of life.[20] The film's title derives from Flaherty's statement that he had been accused, in the staged climactic sequence ofMan of Aran, of "trying to drown a boatload of wild Irishmen".
In 1994, Flaherty was portrayed byCharles Dance in the Canadian drama filmKabloonak, a dramatization of the making ofNanook of the North from an Inuit perspective.[21]
The wife of Robert Joseph Flaherty's grandson, Louise Flaherty,[22] is the co-founder of Canada's first independentInuk publishing house, Inhabit Media. She is also an author, educator and politician.
Flaherty (re)discovered the main island of the Belcher group in Hudson Bay in 1914, and it was subsequently named for him. Flaherty often defined himself an explorer, and was proud of his induction into the Royal Geographic Society of England for this discovery.
Royal.
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