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Robert Bauval | |
|---|---|
 Bauval atBelintash (Bulgaria) in 2014 | |
| Born | (1948-03-05)5 March 1948 (age 77) Alexandria, Egypt |
| Occupation | Writer and lecturer |
| Education | British Boys' School |
| Alma mater | Franciscan College |
| Notable works | The Orion Mystery |
| Website | |
| Official website | |
Robert Bauval (born 5 March 1948) is an Egyptian writer and lecturer, perhaps best known for the fringeOrion Correlation Theory regarding theGiza pyramid complex.
Bauval was born inAlexandria, Egypt, to parents ofBelgian andMaltese origins. He attended the British Boys' School in Alexandria (nowEl Nasr Boys' School) and theFranciscan College inBuckinghamshire,England. He left Egypt in 1967 just before theSix-Day War, during the presidency ofGamal Abdel Nasser. He has spent most of his engineering career living and working in theMiddle East andAfrica as aconstruction engineer.[citation needed]
In late 1992, Bauval had been trying to obtain a translation ofHermetica byWalter Scott. He then came across a new edition printed by Solo Press with a foreword by Adrian Gilbert.[1] Bauval contacted Gilbert after being interested in his foreword concerning a link between an Alexandrine school ofHermes Trismegistus and the pyramid builders of theFourth dynasty of Egypt. They went on to writeThe Orion Mystery together, which became an international bestseller.[2]BBC Two broadcast a documentary on Bauval's ideas around the time of the book's publication.[3] He has co-authored three books withGraham Hancock, including 2004'sTalisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith in which the two put forward what sociologist of religionDavid V. Barrett in a review inThe Independent described as a factually incorrect and unconvincing "mess of a book" based upon indiscriminate use of source material culminating in "promulgating a version of the old Jewish-Masonic plot so beloved by ultra-right-wing conspiracy theorists.[4]
Bauval is specifically known for theOrion Correlation Theory (OCT), which proposes a relationship between thefourth dynastyEgyptian pyramids of theGiza Plateau and the alignment of certain stars in theconstellation ofOrion.[5] However, 20 years before Bauval's bookThe Orion Mystery suggested that the Giza Pyramids were aligned to Orion's belt, James J. Hurtak pointed out such a correlation in 1973 (published in 1977).[6]
One night in 1983, while working inSaudi Arabia, he took his family and a friend's family up into the sand dunes of theArabian Desert for a camping expedition. His friend pointed out the constellation ofOrion, and mentioned thatAlnitak, the most easterly of the stars making up Orion's belt, was offset slightly from the others. Bauval then made a connection between the layout of the three main stars in Orion's belt and the layout of the three main pyramids in theGiza necropolis.[7]
The Orion Correlation Theory has been described as a form ofpseudoarchaeology.[8] Among the idea's critics have been two astronomers:Ed Krupp ofGriffith Observatory in Los Angeles, andAnthony Fairall, astronomy professor at theUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa. Krupp and Fairall independently investigated the angle between the alignment of Orion's Belt to North during the era cited by Bauval (which differs from the angle in the 3rd millennium BCE, because of theprecession of the equinoxes), and found that the angle was somewhat different from the 'perfect match' claimed by Bauval and Hancock: 47 to 50 degrees, compared to the 38-degree angle formed by the pyramids.[9]
Krupp also pointed out that the slightly-bent line formed by the three pyramids was deviated towards the North, whereas the slight "kink" in the line of Orion's Belt was deformed to the South, meaning that a direct correlation would require one or the other to be inverted.[10] Indeed, this is what was done in the original book by Bauval and Gilbert (The Orion Mystery), which compared images of the pyramids and Orion without revealing that the pyramids' map had been inverted.[11] Krupp and Fairall find other problems with the claims, including the point that if the Sphinx is meant to represent the constellation ofLeo, then it should be on the opposite side of the Nile (the 'Milky Way') from the pyramids ('Orion'),[9][10] that thevernal equinox around 10,500 BCE was inVirgo and not Leo,[9] and that the constellations of theZodiac originate from Mesopotamia and were unknown in Egypt at the time.[11]
On 4 November 1999, the BBC broadcast a documentary entitledAtlantis Reborn which tested the ideas of Robert Bauval and his colleague, Graham Hancock. Bauval and Hancock afterwards complained to the BSC (Broadcasting Standards Commission) that they had been treated unfairly. A hearing followed and in November 2000 the BSC ruled in favour of the documentary makers on all but one of the ten principal complaints brought by Hancock and Bauval.
The BSC dismissed all but one of the complaints, with the one being upheld being in respect of an omission of their rebuttal of a specific argument against the Orion Correlation Theory. In regard of the nine remaining complaints, the BSC ruled against Hancock and Bauval, concluding that they had not been treated unfairly in the criticism of their theories concerning carbon-dating, the Great Sphinx of Egypt, Cambodia's Angkor temples, Japan'sYonaguni formation and the mythical land of Atlantis.[12]
The BBC offered to broadcast a revised version of the documentary, which was welcomed by Hancock and Bauval. It was broadcast asAtlantis Reborn Again on 14 December 2000.[13] The revised documentary continued to present serious doubts about Bauval and Hancock's ideas, as held by astronomer Anthony Fairall, Ed Krupp of the Griffith Observatory, Egyptologist Kate Spence of Cambridge University and Eleanor Mannikka of the University of Michigan.[14]
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