Roasting is acooking method that uses dry heat where hot air covers the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least 150 °C (300 °F) from an open flame,oven, or other heat source. Roasting can enhance theflavor throughcaramelization andMaillard browning on the surface of the food. Roasting uses indirect, diffused heat (as in an oven), and is suitable for slower cooking of meat in a larger, whole piece.[1]Meats and mostroot and bulb vegetables can be roasted. Any piece of meat, especiallyred meat, that has been cooked in this fashion is called aroast. Meats and vegetables prepared in this way are described as "roasted", e.g., roastedchicken or roastedsquash.
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For roasting, the food may be placed on a rack, in a roasting pan or, to ensure even application of heat, may be rotated on aspit orrotisserie. If a pan is used, the juice can be retained for use in gravy, Yorkshire pudding, etc. During oven roasting, hot air circulates around the meat, cooking all sides evenly. There are several plans for roasting meat: low-temperature cooking, high-temperature cooking, and a combination of both. Each method can be suitable, depending on the food and the tastes of the people.
In general, in either case, the meat is removed from the heat before it has finished cooking and left to sit for a few minutes, while the inside cooks further from the residual heat content, known ascarry over cooking.
The objective in any case is to retain as much moisture as possible, while providing the texture and color. As meat cooks, the structure and especially the collagen breaks down, allowing juice to come out of the meat. So meat is juiciest at about medium rare while the juice is coming out. During roasting, meats and vegetables are frequentlybasted on the surface withbutter,lard, oroil to reduce the loss of moisture by evaporation. In recent times, plastic oven bags have become popular for roasts. These cut cooking times and reduce the loss of moisture during roasting, but reduce flavor development from Maillard browning, somewhat more like (boiled or steamed) stew or pot roast. They are particularly popular for turkeys.
Until the late 19th century, roasting by dry heat in an oven was calledbaking. Roasting originally meant cooking meat or a bird on or in front of a fire, as with a grill or spit. It is one of the oldest forms of cooking known.
Traditionally recognized roasting methods consist only of baking and cooking over or near an open fire.Grilling is normally not technically a roast, since a grill (gridiron) is used.Barbecuing andsmoking differ from roasting because of the lower temperature and controlled smoke application.[3]
Before the invention and widespread use of stoves, food was primarily cooked over open flames from a hearth. To roast meat, racks with skewers, or, if accessible, complicated gear arrangements, would be utilized to turn the piece(s). In the past, this method was often associated with the upper class and special occasions, rather than customary mealtimes, because it required freshly killed meat and close attention during cooking. It was easy to ruin the meat's taste with a smoky fire or negligence to rotate it at regular intervals. Thus, elite families, who were able to afford quality meat, appointed this task to servants or invested in technology like automatic turning devices. With further technological advances, cooking came to accommodate new opportunities. By the 1860s, working families were able to afford low-priced stove models that became sufficiently available. However, the key element of observation during roasting became difficult and dangerous to do with the coal oven. Hence, traditional roasting disappeared as kitchens became no longer equipped for this custom and soon thereafter, "baking" came to be "roasting".[4]
Roasting can be applied to a wide variety of meat. In general, it works best for cooking whole chickens, turkey, and leaner cuts of lamb, pork, and beef. The aim is to highlight the flavor of the meat itself rather than a sauce or stew, as it is done in braising or other moist-heat methods. Many roasts are tied with string prior to roasting, often using thereef knot or thepacker's knot.[5] Tying holds them together during roasting, keeping any stuffing inside, and keeps the roast in a round profile, which promotes even cooking.[6] Ahock lock is afoodaccoutrement used to secure thehock (hind legs) of abird such as achicken orturkey during roasting and are typically composed of heat-resistantnylon ormetal.[7]
Red meats such as beef, lamb, and venison, and certain game birds are often roasted to be "medium rare" "rare", meaning that the center of the roast is still red. Roasting is a preferred method of cooking for mostpoultry, and certain cuts ofbeef,pork, orlamb. Although there is a growing fashion in some restaurants to serve "rose pork", temperature monitoring of the center of the roast is the only sure way to avoid foodborne disease.[8]
InBritain,Ireland, andAustralia, a roast of meat may be referred to as ajoint, or a leg, if it is a leg.[citation needed]
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Some vegetables, such asbrussels sprouts,potatoes,carrots,eggplants/aubergines,zucchini/courgette,pumpkin,turnips,rutabagas/swedes,parsnips,cauliflower,asparagus,squash,peppers,yam andplantain lend themselves to roasting as well. Roastedchestnuts are also a popular snack in winter.[9]
Roasting fish is done with whole fish, and will work well with snapper, or any medium-sized, whole round fish such as trout, ocean perch and black sea bass will work.[citation needed]
In the United States and Britain, a mix of vegetables and meat roasted together in the same pan are known as a traybake.[10]
Roast meats have typically been high-status foods, due in part to the expense and scarcity of meat and in part to the expense of the extra fuel needed for roasting, compared to the fuel used for boiling foods in a pot.[11] For that reason, roast meats were the centerpiece of high-status meals for centuries.[12]
Among the earliest texts in Western Europe to include recipes for roast meats and fowl isLe Viandier (c. 1300), which includes twenty-nine recipes for various roasts, placed under the heading "Rostz de chair" (roast meats) in some manuscripts.[13] Similar recipes under the heading "Rost de char" also appear inLe Ménagier de Paris (1393), which also includes menus[a] with roasts in the second and third stages of the meal.[14]
In the laterPetit traicté auquel verrez la maniere de faire cuisine (c. 1536), more widely known from a later edition titledLivre fort excellent de cuisine (1542),[15] in a collection of menus at the end of the book, the meal is presented in four stages: theentree de table (entrance to the table),potaiges (foods boiled or simmered "in pots"),services de rost (meat or fowl "roasted" in dry heat), andissue de table (departure from the table).[16][17]
The termsentree de table andissue de table are organizing words, "describing the structure of a meal rather than the food itself".[18] The termspotaiges androst indicate cooking methods but not ingredients. The menus, though, give some idea of both the ingredients and the cooking methods that were characteristic of each stage of the meal.
The meat and fowl considered appropriate for roasting included domestic fowl, feathered game, small furred game, suckling pig, and, less commonly, lamb. Roasts were rarely of other butcher's meat, large furred game, or organ meats.[19]
Other dishes were often served alongside the roasts, including sauced and stuffed meats and meat pies. The roasts themselves might be accompanied by a sauce, but the sauce was served separately from the roast itself.[20]
The arrangement of dishes in theLivre fort excellent is very similar to that of the menus in theMénagier de Paris, written 150 years before thePetit traicté. One notable difference is that the roast fowl and meats in the Ménagier were often followed by roast fish, a practice not evident in theLivre fort excellent.[21]
Between the mid-16th and mid-17th century, the stages of the meal underwent several significant changes. Notably,potage became the first stage of the meal and theentrée became the second stage, followed by the roast,entremets, anddessert.
While cookbooks and dictionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries rarely discuss the type of dishes appropriate to each stage of the meal with any specificity, roasts and the dishes of the other stages of the meal can be distinguished from each other by certain characteristics, such as their ingredients, cooking methods, and serving temperatures.[22] The distinct characteristics of roasts for the roast course were at first loosely observed, or perhaps more accurately, the "rules" were in a formative stage for several decades. By the early 18th century, though, certain ingredients and cooking methods were increasingly confined to the roast stage of the meal.[23]
In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, meat and fowl for the roast course on meat days[b] included all sorts of domestic fowl, feathered game, and small furred game, ingredients that were less commonly included in entrées and entremets. Goose, gosling, and domestic duck were not fashionable in any course; turkeys and wild ducks were preferred in their place. Organ meats were often roasted, but they were served in the entrée and entremets courses, not in the roast course.[24]
In the 17th century, large cuts of roasted butcher's meat and furred game were sometimes served in the roast course; sauced and stuffed meats and pies were also served alongside the roasts; but in the 18th and 19th centuries, all such dishes were served only in the entrée or entremets courses, always in a sauce. By the 18th century, only fowl, feathered game, and small furred game were considered appropriate for the roast course.[25]
Roasted fowl and small game in Classical Service were spit-roasted and nicely browned, served "dry" and not in a sauce or ragoût. Sauces in the roast course might be served alongside the roasted fowl or game, but the roasts were not prepared or served in the sauce likeroasted fowl and meats in the entrée course.[26]
On lean days, fish replaced meat and fowl in every stage of the meal other than dessert. In the roast course, whole fish replaced meat-day roasts, but the fish were poached or fried, not roasted. The fish were substitutions or counterparts to the roasts served on meat days, corresponding to their position in the meal but not their cooking method.
The salient feature of lean-day fish in the roast course, whether poached or fried, was that they were served "dry", placed on a napkin and not served in a sauce or ragoût. In contrast, poached and fried fish served as entrées, hors d’œuvre, or relevés, were always served in a sauce or ragoût. Additionally, poached fish in the roast course were prepared with the scales still on the fish, if they were attractive, unlike whole fish served as relevés, which were always served without scales.[27]
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