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Roads in Portugal are defined by the Plano Rodoviário Nacional (PRN, English:National Road Plan), which describes the existing and planned network of Portuguese roads. The present plan in force is the 2000 National Road Plan (PRN 2000), approved in 1998. It replaced PRN 1985, which itself had replaced PRN 1945.
The Portuguese road infrastructure was considered the best in Europe and the second best in the world by theWorld Economic Forum in itsGlobal Competitiveness Report for 2014–2015.[1] In the 2017–2018 report, it was considered to 8th best in the world.[2] Nevertheless, all of these data were obtained through nothing more than an opinion survey of selected business executives.[3]
The scenic road betweenPeso da Régua andPinhão, inTrás-os-Montes region, was considered the world's best driving road, according to the Avis Driving Index.[4] This road is a section of the N 222 which follows theDouro Valley.
The first road plans inPortugal date back from 1843 and 1848, and were based on 18th century plans which prioritized connections betweenLisbon and strategic points of the country, and as a support forfluvial routes.[5] The planned network was classified in 1850 intoestradas (roads) andcaminhos (paths), with theestradas being classified as 1st and 2nd class.Caminhos were routes of merely local interest.[6]
In 1862, the existing and planned roads were classified as 1st class roads orestradas reais (royal roads), 2nd class roads orestradas distritais (district roads), andestradas municipais (municipal roads). Theestradas reais were those with direct or indirect (via railways, for instance) origin inLisbon and were managed by the State. Theestradas distritais were managed by thedistricts whileestradas municipais were managed by themunicipalities.[7]
With the abolition of the monarchy in 1910, theestradas reais were renamedestradas nacionais (national roads).
In 1913, the Law of 22 February established a commission to study a new classification of the roads and propose guidelines to establish that classification. However, despite these efforts, manyroutes were not clearly classified and the condition of most roads was chaotic. Widespread use of theautomobile in the 1920s created new pressure for reforming the Portuguese road network.
In 1926, under theDitadura Nacional regime, a provisional General Plan of National Roads of 1st and 2nd class was established by DecreeNo. 12,100 of 31 July 1926, according to what was previewed by the Law of 22 February 1913.[8] Both the 1st and 2nd class roads would be designatedestradas nacionais, with the termestrada distrital disappearing. They were designated EN xx-x (forestradas nacionais followed by the number of the road and its class). This plan established 23 roads of 1st class (designated EN 1-1ª to EN 23-1ª) and 112 roads of 2nd class (designated EN 1-2ª to EN 112-2ª).[8] The definite General Plan of National Roads was approved by Decree No. 16,075 of 30 September 1928.[9] It kept the 23 1st class roads and the 112 2nd class ones, but some roads were rerouted, extended, or truncated.
The 1st class national roads included in the 1928 General Plan of National Roads were the following:[9]
By Law No. 3,969 of 20 July 1927, theJunta Autónoma das Estradas (JAE, English:Autonomous Road Board) was created to study the condition of the Portuguese road network. The preliminary report was clear to state that from the 16,000 kilometres (9,900 mi) of the planned national road network, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) were to be completed and from the 12,000 km (7,500 mi) already built, 10,000 km (6,200 mi) were in an almost-ruined condition.[10]
In 1933, roads were reclassified asestradas nacionais (1st and 2nd class),estradas municipais andcaminhos públicos (public paths), with the latter two under municipal management.[11]
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In 1933, the entire (i.e. built and planned) network of national roads totalled 16,900 km (10,500 mi).[12] Thestate recognized the importance of the road network and, in 1945, created the first real national road plan, thePlano Rodoviário Nacional de 1945 (PRN 45), defined in Law No. 34,593 of 11 May 1945. This plan comprised a national road network of 20,597 km (12,798 mi).[12][13]
PRN 1945 classified the national road network inRede Fundamental (Fundamental Network) andRede Complementar (Complementary Network). The latter served to support the fundamental network. Roads were classified according to the following:
The National Roads Statutes were subsequently approved in 1949.[14]
In 1961, separate legislation (Law No. 2110 of 19 August 1961)[15] on municipal roads defined new guidelines on construction, maintenance, and commercialization of these roads, and those were classified as following:
The Main Roads could be, by law, upgraded to 4lanes withcentral separation, if necessary. In fact this happened before PRN 1945, with theN7 motorway (now theA5) betweenLisbon and theNational Stadium completed in 1944, and in 1961 with the first 25 km (16 mi) ofN1 motorway (nowA1) betweenLisbon andVila Franca de Xira. The first urban highways were built in the 1960s. Nevertheless, most motorways built before 1985 had no number at all.
The road classes were distinguished using colour codes: red for first class, blue for second class, green for third class, yellow for municipal roads, and brown for municipal paths. These colours were applied as the basis of thelocation markers and occasionally in the background of the road numbers. The numbering distribution for main roads was according to the importance of its route in the network, and forN101 and over were numbered in a north-to-south fashion.
The length of the roads had no relation with its class (except for branch roads, which were usually short), with existing 3rd-class roads longer than 100 km (62 mi), and main roads with as short as 8 km (5.0 mi), like theN7 highway, now part ofA5. The longest road of the 1945 Plan wasN2, connectingChaves toFaro, extending for 738 km (459 mi).
According to PRN 1945, there were 18 Main Roads, designatedN1 throughN18.
| Number | Route | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| N 1 | Lisbon –Vila Franca de Xira –Leiria –Pombal –Coimbra –Albergaria-a-Velha –Porto (northern end of upper deck ofD. Luís Bridge) | Originally about 320 km (200 mi); 307 km (191 mi) between Lisbon and the northern end of Av. da República inVila Nova de Gaia | On the 1945 National Roadway Plan, this wasPortugal's main road, connectingLisbon andPorto. Originally crossing the towns or city centres on its route, over the years many bypass roads have been built to avoid urban traffic. In 1961, the new motorway section betweenLisbon andVila Franca de Xira, part of the futureLisbon–Porto motorway, was integrated into the N1. The original route became an extension of the N10. The N1 classification for the referred branch of A1 had been kept until 1985, thereafter the N1 road had its starting point at the level of km 26. Also during the 1960s, a more direct and straight connection between Venda das Raparigas (Benedita,Alcobaça) and São Jorge (Porto de Mós) has been built. The original route was reclassified, in 1973, asN 8–6 (Venda das Raparigas–Alcobaça, or more properly Alcobaça–Venda das Raparigas) andN 8 (Alcobaça–vicinity of São Jorge), thus extending its route farther north. According to PRN 1985, most parts of this road have been included onIC2, signed asIC2/N1. Some sections which aren't common withIC2 are intended for local traffic, or are parts parallel toauto-estrada sections of IC2. |
| N 2 | Chaves –Vila Real –Viseu –Penacova –Abrantes –Ponte de Sor –Montemor-o-Novo –Ferreira do Alentejo –Almodôvar –Faro | 738 km (459 mi) | The longest road ofPortugal according to 1945 National Roadway Plan, connecting north to south, "cutting" the country halfway between west and east and crossing eleven of the eighteen districts of Portugal. InTrás-os-Montes andViseu district N2 crossed district capitals (Vila Real andViseu) and medium-sized cities (Chaves andLamego) but south of that regions (i.e. roughly for the remaining 500 km), the road ran far from any major city until near its end inFaro. N2 never had an autonomous traffic that justified its importance in the 1945 Plan and the long national road became a sequential collection of regional sections.[18] The failure of N2 proved that the major link between the Northern and Southern regions of Portugal should always cross Lisbon area (as happens nowadays with IP1 and IC1).[18] In the 1985 and 2000 National Road Plans, IP3 (a single- or dual-carriageway highway) runs parallel to N2 in Trás-os-Montes and Viseu district, but south of that no major road follows the former N2 axis. Currently, almost all sections of N2 have been downgraded to regional or municipal roads. The route classified as N2 by 1945 had been fully asphalted from the 1930s to 1944. Many branches had been replaced in importance by the 1985 Plan's IP routes, some renamed asEstrada Regional (R 2), some were municipalized and some classified as historical patrimony. Due to its characteristics, N2 is nicknamed PortugueseRoute 66. In November 2015, a trans-regional project called Rota da Estrada Nacional 2 had been signed by eleven of the thirty-six municipalities along its route (although all municipalities will be part of the project). It aims to promote the past part of Portugal's inland crossed by the road for its importance to tourism, culture and gastronomy.[19] |
| N 3 | Carregado (N1) –Santarém –Torres Novas –Vila Velha de Rodão –Castelo Branco (N18) | 213 km (132 mi) | It was the most direct connection betweenLisbon (Carregado is located at km 33 ofN 1) and the most important cities of the former provinces ofRibatejo,Beira Baixa, andBeira Alta, the latter throughN18, which this road meets in Sernadas do Ródão. |
| N 4 | Montijo –Vendas Novas –Estremoz –Elvas –Caia | 182 km (113 mi); 194 km (121 mi) projected | The original project of this road included a bridge over the Tagus River, in order to directly connect Lisbon with Alentejo and the border of Caia, near Badajoz, where it would meet the Spanish N-V. The bridge was never built and this road starts at the level of km 12. |
| N 5 | Montijo –Marateca –Alcácer do Sal – Barragem do Vale de Gaio – N2 | 87 km (54 mi) | Projected to connect the Lisbon region into the south of Portugal, through N2, which this road would meet in Torrão; later it was decided that this road would run through Vale do Gaio Dam. The connection between Vale do Gaio Dam and N2 was never built, but the route through Torrão was built and reclassified as N5-2. |
| N 6 | Lisbon –Paço de Arcos –Parede –Estoril –Cascais | 25 km (16 mi) | The famous seaside Road ofCascais/Estoril Coast, also known asAvenida Marginal on most of its route. It is designed as a four lane, two in either direction. This road was projected to include the former Lisbon ringroad on its route. |
| N 7 | Lisbon –National Stadium | 8 km (5.0 mi) | Original name of theA5, the first Portuguese motorway, inaugurated in 1944. It was only extended intoCascais in 1991 when it became known as A5. |
| N 8 | Lisbon –Loures –Torres Vedras –Óbidos –Caldas da Rainha –Alcobaça –Cruz da Légua – IC2 / N1 | 131 km (81 mi) | ConnectsLisbon to theWest Region. Originally this road ended in Alcobaça, meeting there N 1 (see N 1 for details). |
| N 9 | Cascais (N6) –Sintra –Torres Vedras –Alenquer (N1) | 98 km (61 mi) | Crosses the northern region ofLisbon. Along withN 6 (Lisbon–Cascais),N 1 (Alenquer–Vila Franca de Xira),N 10 (Vila Franca de Xira–Lisbon), and the riverside streets of Lisbon, it forms a ring road around theLisbon region. |
| N 10 | Almada –Setúbal –Vila Franca de Xira –Lisbon | 141 km (88 mi) | A ring road that connects thesouth bank of Tagus toLisbon, viaMarechal Carmona Bridge (Vila Franca de Xira). From 1961, it classified the original route of N1 between Vila France de Xira and Lisbon. |
| N 11 | Montijo –Barreiro | 10 km (6.2 mi); 32 km (20 mi) projected | Short-distance road in thesouth bank of Tagus. The original plan included a connection fromBarreiro toTrafaria which was never built. It was renamed asR11. |
| N 12 | Matosinhos –Rio Tinto | 17 km (11 mi) | Porto ring road, to be cvted into aboulevard. |
| N 13 | Porto –Viana do Castelo –Valença | 115 km (71 mi) | Road crossing the northwest region ofPortugal, with an almost seaside route. The first 5 km (3.1 mi) of this road, shared with N14, had been upgraded into a dual carriageway in the 1970s and are known asVia Norte. |
| N 14 | Porto –Braga | 56 km (35 mi) | The first 5 km of this road, shared with N13, had been upgraded into a dual carriageway in the 1970s and are known asVia Norte. |
| N 15 | Ermesinde –Amarante –Vila Real –Mirandela –Bragança | 240 km (150 mi) | The main road fromPorto to the region ofTrás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, until the construction ofIP4. |
| N 16 | Aveiro –Viseu –Guarda –Vilar Formoso | 224 km (139 mi) | ConnectsAveiro to the most-important border with Spain. From the 1970s, the road was considered obsolete due to several kilometres of congested traffic on the approach to the border. As an alternativeIP5 was built between 1983 and 1991, but this road proved to be highly dangerous and was cvted into anautoestrada, also known asA25. |
| N 17 | Coimbra –Celorico da Beira (N16) | 131 km (81 mi) | ConnectsCoimbra with theBeira Alta region, crossing the outskirts ofSerra da Estrela. Popularly known as Estrada da Beira. |
| N 18 | Guarda –Castelo Branco –Portalegre –Estremoz –Évora –Beja –Ourique –Ervidel (N2) | 380 km (240 mi) | Crosses the most important cities in the far east ofPortugal, connects withN 2 inErvidel. Many branches were included onIP2. |
From the 1960s, many routes were assumed to be somewhat outdated, so in 1972,Brisa was created to manage a projected network of motorways, which by that time didn't reach a length of 100 km (62 mi). New sections of motorways were then built in the 1970s and the early 1980s, like theVila Franca de Xira–Carregado (1977),Carregado–Aveiras de Cima (1980),Condeixa-a-Nova–Mealhada (1982, which permitted bypassing the city centre ofCoimbra),Santa Maria da Feira–Carvalhos (1980) andAlbergaria-a-Velha–Santa Maria da Feira (1983) sections; these would become part of theA1 motorway and the extension of theA2 motorway intoSetúbal (between 1978 and 1979).
However, the whole road network was seen to be increasingly inadequate to properly serving the whole country. WhilePortugal was preparing to enter theEEC, the replacement for PRN 1945 was created by the Law 380/85 of 25 September 1985, the Plano Rodoviário Nacional de 1985 (English:1985 National Roadway Plan) or PRN 1985.
The road network would again comprise the Rede Fundamental (English:Fundamental Network), composed of nineitinerários principais (principal routes), designatedIP1 throughIP9, which totalized 2,635 km (1,637 mi).
The non-motorway sections of theitinerários principais started to be identified with green background direction signs and green background IPx road numbers. In the late 1990s, although the background of the direction signs continued to be green, the IPx road numbers started to be put on red background rectangles.
| Number | Route | Length(km) |
|---|---|---|
| IP 1 | Valença –Braga –Porto –Aveiro –Coimbra –Leiria –Santarém –Lisbon –Montijo –Setúbal –Aljustrel –Faro –Castro Marim | 734 |
| IP 2 | Portelo –Bragança –Guarda –Covilhã –Castelo Branco –Portalegre –Évora –Beja –Faro | 564 |
| IP 3 | Vila Verde da Raia –Vila Real –Lamego –Viseu –Coimbra –Figueira da Foz | 279 |
| IP 4 | Porto –Vila Real –Bragança –Quintanilha | 237 |
| IP 5 | Aveiro –Viseu –Guarda –Vilar Formoso | 204 |
| IP 6 | Peniche –Caldas da Rainha –Rio Maior –Santarém –Torres Novas –Abrantes –Castelo Branco | 219 |
| IP 7 | Lisbon –Setúbal –Évora –Estremoz –Elvas – Caia | 225 |
| IP 8 | Sines –Santiago do Cacém –Beja –Serpa –Vila Verde de Ficalho | 154 |
| IP 9 | Viana do Castelo –Ponte de Lima –Braga –Guimarães –Amarante –Vila Real | 161 |
Theitinerários principais was set to be of restricted access, forbidding pedestrian, animal, and bicycle traffic, but exceptions could be accepted, especially for sections resulting from the reclassification of former national roads into IP network.
Such a classification was proposed before the publication of PRN 1985.[20] In the early 1980s, the first branches of the future IP routes were built. These were a 12 km (7.5 mi) loop road alternative to N16 betweenMangualde andPrime (Viseu) for IP5 route, built in 1983, and another branch built in 1981 that was integrated on the N2 route but later became part of IP3, betweenOliveira do Mondego andChamadouro whenAguieira Dam was built.
The road network also included the Rede Complementar (Complementary Network) of 24itinerários complementares (IC, English:complementary routes) and other roads. The "other roads" were the former PRN 1945 national roads not set to be transformed into IP or IC, neither set for declassification from the national road network. In practice, the "other roads" continued to be signed asestradas nacionais (N or EN). The Complementary Network was 4,807 km (2,987 mi) long.
The non-motorway roads of the Rede Complementar were signed with white background direction signs.
The PRN 1985 established 24itinerários complementares, designatedIC1 throughIC24, which totalled 2,439 km (1,516 mi):
The whole network totalled 9,881 km (6,140 mi), with about 12,000 km (7,500 mi) of old PRN 1945 roads being declassified from the national road network.
As the PRN 1985 focused mainly on new roads to be built, no clear rules were established for a procedure regarding the old roads that were to be declassified. In practice, most of them continued to be managed by the national road agency, JAE, and continued to be designatedestradas nacionais. Some of them were transferred to the management of local municipalities.
Until the early 1980s, the Portuguese motorways did not have a proper number, each being referred to by a name (with some sections that were part of anestrada nacional also using the respective Nxx number). The existing motorways at that time (all of them managed under concession) started to receive proper numbers of the typeAxx. With the application of the PRN 1985, new motorways were built with a few of them being managed directly by JAE and not under concession like the majority. So, although all motorways were part of an IP or IC, only concessionated ones received theAxx number (whether tolled or not). This number was signalized and theIPxx orICxx number was disused in the motorway signage. The other motorways – non-concessionated, and therefore, always non-tolled – were signalized with theIPxx orICxx number. Until the 2000s, almost all motorways under concession were tolled, so during that period, a signedAxx number helped drivers know in advance whether a motorway was tolled.
All motorways were signed with blue background direction signs, independently of being part of the Rede Fundamental or the Rede Complementar.
In 1993, the reclassification of 600 km (370 mi) of roads in the IC network and about 1,700 km (1,100 mi) into other roads was proposed, but the optimizations of PRN 1985 were only realized with PRN 2000, which was initially proposed in 1996.
In spite of its name, Plano Rodoviário Nacional de 2000 (English:2000 National Road Plan) or PRN 2000 was approved in 1998 and was published by Law No. 222/98 of 17 July 1998. This was essentially an optimization of the previous PRN 1985, with the addition of about 1,500 km (930 mi) of roads into the National Network, and the creation of the Rede Regional (Regional Network) of about 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of roads, as well as the identification of a Rede Nacional de Autoestradas (National Motorway Network), that, however, overlapped with the IP and IC network. The plan includes 16,500 km (10,300 mi) of roads.
The so-called "other roads" of the PRN 1985 disappeared from the PRN 2000, with the designationestradas nacionais becoming official again. A new kind of road, theestradas regionais (regional roads) was also introduced.
The Road Network is defined as following:
IP and IC roads may have other designations, especially those integrated with the National Highway Network, where the "A" designation is preferred ontraffic signage, except for some city or suburban highways.
Since its approval, the PRN 2000 was updated twice (in 1999 and in 2003).
Autoestrada is thePortuguese-language word for "motorway" or "freeway." Portugal has about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of motorways,[21] crossing all the coast and connecting the main inland cities and towns. Severalautoestradas are linked with theSpanish motorway system and, through Spain, to the rest of Europe.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, Portugal was the country with the greatest development in the motorway network in theEuropean Union. It had 316 km (196 mi) of motorways in 1990 and the number increased to 1,242 km (772 mi) by 1999 and 2,100 km (1,300 mi) by the end of 2007.[22]
Although administratively a separate motorway network exists, in practice eachautoestrada overlaps part or all of an IP (Itinerário Principal or Main Itinerary) or an IC (Itinerário Complementar or Complementary Itinerary).[23] These are designated with an "A" code as well as an IP or an IC code, though they are typically only signalized by theA designation. In addition, many of these roads are part of theEuropean road network, and so also carry an "E" designation, which may serve as reference for non-Portuguese drivers.
| Number | Designation | Route | Concurrency | Length | Constructed | Concessionaire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A 1 | Autoestrada do Norte | Lisbon –Santarém –Leiria –Coimbra –Aveiro –Porto | IP 1 (Lisbon – Carvalhos) IP 6 (Santarém/A 15 – Torres Novas/A 23 IC 1 (A 29 interchange – Porto) IC 2 (Carvalhos – Arrábida-Porto) IC 23 (Coimbrões-Gaia/A 44 – Arrábida-Porto/A 28) | 303 | 1960–1991 | Brisa |
| A 2 | Autoestrada do Sul | Lisbon /Ponte 25 de Abril – Marateca –Alcácer do Sal –Grândola –Ourique –Albufeira | IP 1 (Palmela/A 12 – Albufeira) IP 7 (Lisbon – Marateca/A 6-A 13) | 240 | 1966–2002 | Lusoponte (25 de Abril Bridge), Brisa |
| A 3 | Autoestrada do Minho | Porto –Famalicão –Braga –Ponte de Lima –Valença | IP 11 IP 9 (Ponte de Lima/A 27 – Braga/A 11) | 112 | 1989–1998 | Brisa |
| A 4 | Autoestrada Transmontana | Porto –Penafiel –Amarante –Vila Real –Mirandela –Bragança – Quintanilha | IP 4 IP 9 (Castelões/A 11 – Vila Real) | 223 | 1990–2016 | Ascendi Brisa Infraestruturas de Portugal AEXXI |
| A 5 | Autoestrada do Estoril | Lisbon –Oeiras –Cascais | IC 15 | 25 | 1944–1991 | Brisa |
| A 6 | Autoestrada do Alentejo | Marateca –Évora –Estremoz –Elvas – Caia | IP 7 | 159 | 1995–1999 | Brisa |
| A 7 | Autoestrada do Alvão | Vila do Conde –Famalicão –Guimarães –Fafe –Vila Pouca de Aguiar | IC 5 | 100 | 1994–2007 | Ascendi |
| A 8 | Autoestrada do Oeste | Lisbon –Caldas da Rainha –Leiria –A 1 | IC 1 (Lisbon – Marinha Grande/A 17) IC 17-CRIL (Km 0-km 2) IC 36 (Marinha Grande/A 17 – Leiria/A 1) | 138 | 1984–2011 | AE do Atlântico |
| A 8-1 | Circular Oriental de Leiria (COL) | Pousos (A 8/A 1) – IC 2 | 3 | 1990s as COL | ||
| A 9 | Circular Regional Exterior de Lisboa | Caxias (National Stadium) –Queluz –Loures –Alverca | IC 18 | 35 | 1994–1995 | Brisa |
| A 10 | Autoestrada do Ribatejo | Bucelas –Arruda dos Vinhos –Carregado –Benavente | IC 2 (Bucelas/A 9-CREL – Carregado) IC 11 (Carregado – Benavente/A 13) | 40 | 2003–2007 | Brisa |
| A 11 | Apúlia –Braga –Guimarães –Penafiel | IC 14 (Apúlia/A 28 – Braga/A 3) IP 9 (Braga/A 3 – Castelões/A 4) | 80 | 1998–2006 | Ascendi | |
| A 12 | Lisbon /Ponte Vasco da Gama –Montijo -Setúbal | IP 1 (Lisbon – Palmela/A 2) IC 3 (Montijo – Setúbal) | 41 | 1979–1998 | Lusoponte (Vasco da Gama Bridge), Brisa | |
| A 13 | Marateca –Benavente –Salvaterra de Magos –Almeirim -**-Chamusca -**-Golegã -**-Vila Nova da Barquinha -(to be upgraded into dual carriageway)- A 23 –Tomar –Avelar –Condeixa –Coimbra | IC 3 (Coimbra – Canha/A 33) IC 11 (Benavente/A 10 – Marateca/A 2-A 6) | 163 (206) | 2002–? | Brisa (Almeirim-Marateca), Ascendi (A23-Coimbra) | |
| A 13-1 | A1 –Condeixa – A 13 | 10 | 2012 | Ascendi | ||
| A 14 | Autoestrada do Baixo Mondego | Figueira da Foz –Montemor-o-Velho –Coimbra | IP 3 | 40 | 1994–2002 | Brisa |
| A 15 | Óbidos –Rio Maior –Santarém – ** –Almeirim | IP 6 (Óbidos/A 8-Santarém/A 1) IC 10 (Santarém/A 1 – Almeirim) | 51 (55) | 1995–2001 | AE do Atlântico | |
| A 16 | Lisbon –Pontinha –Sintra –Alcabideche | IC 16 (Lisbon – Sintra) IC 30 (Sintra – Alcabideche) | 28 | 1995–2014 | Ascendi | |
| A 17 | Autoestrada do Litoral Centro | Marinha Grande –Figueira da Foz –Mira –Aveiro | IC 1 | 100 | 2004–2008 | Brisa Ascendi |
| A 18 | Torres Vedras – ** –Carregado | IC 11 | (27) | – | ||
| A 19 | Porto de Mós – Azóia –Leiria | IC 2 | 16 | 2010–2011 | AE do Litoral Oeste | |
| A 20 | Circular Regional Interior do Porto | Carvalhos –Ponte do Freixo – Francos | IP 1 (Carvalhos – Antas-Porto/A 3) IC 23 (Freixo-Porto – Francos-Porto/A 28) | 17 | 1989–1995 | AE do Douro Litoral |
| A 21 | Malveira –Ericeira | 21 | 2005–2008 | Mafratlântico | ||
| A 22 | Via do Infante de Sagres | Lagos –Portimão –Albufeira –Faro –Castro Marim | IP 1 (Tunes/A 2 – Castro Marim) IC 4 (Lagos – Loulé) | 133 | 1991–2003 | Euroscut Algarve |
| A 23 | Autoestrada da Beira Interior | Torres Novas –Abrantes –Castelo Branco –Fundão –Covilhã –Guarda | IP 6 (Torres Novas/A 1 – Castelo Branco) IP 2 (Fratel – Guarda/A 25) | 217 | 1993–2003 | Scutvias |
| A 24 | Autoestrada do Interior Norte | Coimbra – ** –Mealhada – ** –Viseu –Peso da Régua –Lamego –Vila Real –Chaves –Vila Verde da Raia | IP 3 | 162 (227) | 1998–2010 | Norscut |
| A 25 | Autoestrada das Beiras Litoral e Alta | Aveiro –Viseu –Guarda –Vilar Formoso – border with Spain | IP 5 | 199 | 1991–2021 | Ascendi |
| A 26 | Autoestrada do Baixo Alentejo | Sines – –Santiago do Cacém – –Beja | IP 8 IC 33 (Sines – Santiago do Cacém) | 11 (95) | 1972–2012 | AE do Baixo Alentejo |
| A26-1 | Variante de Sines | Sines –Vila Nova de Santo André | IP 8 | 9 | 2010–2017 | AE do Baixo Alentejo |
| A 27 | Viana do Castelo –Ponte de Lima | IP 9 | 24 | 2001–2005 | AE do Norte Litoral | |
| A 28 | Autoestrada do Litoral Norte | Porto –Viana do Castelo –Caminha – ** –Valença | IC 1 IC 23 (Arrábida-Porto/A 1 – Francos-Porto) | 93 (123) | 1960–2008 | AE do Norte Litoral |
| A 29 | Autoestrada da Costa de Prata | Angeja –Ovar –Espinho –Vila Nova de Gaia | IC 1 | 53 | 1994–2009 | Ascendi |
| A 30 | Sacavém – Santa Iria de Azóia | IC 2 | 10 | 1998 | Ascendi | |
| A 31 | Variante a Coimbra | Coimbra (south) –Coimbra (north) | IC 2 | 5 | 1991 | – |
| A 32 | Autoestrada do Entre Douro e Vouga | Oliveira de Azeméis –Vila Nova de Gaia | IC 2 | 35 | 2011 | AE do Douro Litoral |
| A 33 | Circular Regional Interna da Península de Setúbal | Funchalinho – Coina –Montijo – ** –New Lisbon Airoport – ** – Canha | IC 3 (Montijo – Canha) IC 32 (Funchalinho – Montijo) | 37 (59) | 1998–2012 | AE do Baixo Tejo |
| A 34 | A 1 –Pombal | IC 8 | 5 | 1999 | – | |
| A 35 | Mira – ** –Mealhada – ** –Mortágua – ** –Santa Comba Dão –Canas de Senhorim – ** –Mangualde | N 234 (1995–1998) IC 12 (1998–present) | 19 (94) | 1995–1998 | – | |
| A 36 | Circular Regional Interior de Lisboa | Algés –Odivelas –Sacavém | IC 17-CRIL | 21 | 1995–2011 | Ascendi |
| A 37 | Radial de Sintra | Lisbon –Queluz –Sintra | N 249 (1985–1994) IC 19 (1994–present) | 16 | 1985–1994 | Ascendi |
| A 38 | Via Rápida da Caparica | Almada –Costa da Caparica | IC 20 | 6 | 1966 | AE do Baixo Tejo |
| A 39 | Via Rápida do Barreiro | Coina –Barreiro – ** –Lisbon | IC 21 | 7 (23) | 1980–1984 | – |
| A 40 | Olival Basto –Odivelas – Montemor | IC 22 | 4 | 1998 | Ascendi | |
| A 41 | Circular Regional Exterior do Porto | Perafita –Maia –Aguiar de Sousa –Argoncilhe –Espinho | IC 24 | 62 | early 1990s – 2007 | Ascendi AE do Douro Litoral |
| A 42 | Ermida (A 41) –Paços de Ferreira –Lousada | IC 25 | 20 | 2005–2006 | Ascendi | |
| A 43 | Porto –Gondomar –Aguiar de Sousa (A 41) | IC 29 | 9 | 2005–2011 | AE do Douro Litoral | |
| A 44 | Gulpilhares (A 29) –Vila Nova de Gaia –Oliveira do Douro (A 20) | IC 23 | 9 | 2000–2007 | Ascendi AE Douro Litoral | |
| VRI | Via Regional Interior | Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport –Custóias (A 4) | 3 | 2006 | Ascendi |
Label:
– = under constructionAs of 2013, 84% of Portuguese motorways have tolls,[24] although there are also some toll-free highways, mostly in urban areas, like those ofGreater Lisbon andGreater Porto. Tolls charge drivers by the distance they travel. Almost all motorways are managed by private concessionaries, such asBrisa andAscendi. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, theGovernment of Portugal created sevenshadow toll concessions, the SCUT toll (Portagens sem cobrança aos utilizadores, tolls with no charges for the users). In those concessions it was included more than 900 kilometres (560 mi) of motorways and highways, some of them already built, others which were built in the following years. However, due to economical and political reasons, the shadow toll concept was abolished between 2010 and 2011, with electronic toll equipment being installed in these motorways, to charge their users. Having only electronic tolls, former SCUT motorways can now only be used by vehicles equipped with electronic payment devices or vehicles registered in the system. In the 2000s (i.e. previous to the introduction of tolls in SCUT highways), 35% of the Portuguese motorway network was toll-free, and Portugal was already considered one of the European countries with more toll roads.[25][26] Following the introduction of tolls in former SCUT highways, 84% of the network had tolls, i.e., only 16% was toll-free.[24] In January 2025, 800km of former SCUT highways become toll-free again, following a motion put forward in Parliament in June 2024 by PS, supported by Chega and left-wing minority parties. The measure will bring costs to the public purse of around 200 million euros per year.[27]
Since 1991 there is an electronic payment system for tolls in Portugal calledVia Verde.[28] Under this system, the driver installs a small device on the front windshield that communicates electronically withBrisa (the company responsible for managing most of the motorways in Portugal). Since the payment is electronic, it is quick to enter or leave the motorway, avoiding payment lines (which are still available for drivers without Via Verde). This system has won several prizes for its innovative form of paying for services.[not specific enough to verify]
There are 9itinerários principais (principal routes), signalized by the prefixIP, designatedIP1 throughIP9.[29]
IP1 andIP2 form cross-national north–south routes. The first runs along the west part of the country then ends in the southeast border ofCastro Marim/Vila Real de Santo António; the second runs along the east part, roughly along the border with Spain.
All other routes follow a west–east course, with the exception ofIP3 which runs mostly north–south.
Allitinerários principais, exceptIP6 andIP9, are connected with the Spanish border.IP2 reaches Spain by route ofN103-7, in the region ofTrás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
| Number | Route | Length |
|---|---|---|
| IP 1 | Valença –Braga –Porto –Aveiro –Coimbra –Leiria –Santarém –Lisbon –Montijo –Setúbal –Aljustrel –Faro –Castro Marim | 734 km (456 mi) |
| IP 2 | Portelo –Bragança –Guarda –Covilhã –Castelo Branco –Portalegre –Évora –Beja –Ourique –Faro | 564 or 728 km (350 or 452 mi) (including N103-7 Portelo–Bragança and IP1/A2-IP1/IC4/A22-IC4/N-125-4 Castro Verde–Faro concurrencies) |
| IP 3 | Vila Verde da Raia –Vila Real –Lamego –Viseu –Coimbra –Figueira da Foz | 279 km (173 mi) |
| IP 4 | Porto –Vila Real –Bragança –Quintanilha | 237 km (147 mi) |
| IP 5 | Aveiro –Viseu –Guarda –Vilar Formoso | 204 km (127 mi) |
| IP 6 | Peniche –Caldas da Rainha –Rio Maior –Santarém –Torres Novas –Abrantes –Castelo Branco | 219 km (136 mi) |
| IP 7 | Lisbon –Setúbal –Évora –Estremoz –Elvas – Caia | 225 km (140 mi) |
| IP 8 | Sines –Santiago do Cacém –Beja –Serpa –Vila Verde de Ficalho | 154 km (96 mi) |
| IP 9 | Viana do Castelo –Ponte de Lima –Braga –Guimarães –Amarante –Vila Real | 161 km (100 mi) |
There are 37itinerários complementares (complementary routes), signalized by the lettersIC, designatedIC1 throughIC37.[30]
Note: Italics and -**- refers to unbuilt sections.
Estradas Nacionais (national routes) belong to the Complementary Network. They have three main functions: connect cities not linked by an IP or IC highway, connect municipal seats, borders, ports and airports to the rest of the state-owned network and provide free alternatives to toll motorways. Examples for each of these functions can be made: N103 linksBraga,Chaves andBragança, N256 and N256-1 link the border of São Leonardo and the municipal seats ofMourão andReguengos de Monsaraz to IP2 expressway and N4 provides a free alternative toA6 toll motorway. National roads kept the same numbering they had in the 1945 Plan, with the prefixN, and are administered by the agencyEstradas de Portugal. In the 1985 Plan, these were generically referred as "other roads".
Many of the 1945 Plan'sestradas nacionais were not included in the post-1985 highway plans and were declassified from the National Road Network in anticipation of their transfer to municipal authorities. Although some were transferred, many municipalities did not assume responsibility for the management of these roads; a number of them continue to be administered by the national roads agency. Despite being declassified, most of the roads retained their designations, keeping their old numberings andN prefixes, including those that are administered by the municipalities.
Estradas regionais (regional roads) integrate the Regional Network. This road class was created in 1998, with the approval of the 2000 National Roadway Plan. According to Law No. 222/98 "the public road communications with supra-municipal interest, and complementary to the National Road Network, are carried by Regional Roads".
Each regional road maintains the number of the national road or municipal road that originated it. Regional roads are represented by the letterR. Because, in 1998, it was rejected in areferendum, a reform which consisted of thecreation of eight administrative regions inmainland Portugal, nowadays, some regional roads are administered byEstradas de Portugal, while others are administered by Portuguesemunicipalities.
Estradas municipais (municipal roads) are represented by the letterM and are administered by Portuguesemunicipalities. These routes were created in 1961, since which time many branches of national routes had been municipalized. Some municipal routes created by the 1985 Plan were renamed as "national roads" or "regional roads" in the 2000 Plan.
Portugal is crossed by eightEuropean routes:
| Number | Route |
|---|---|
| E 1 | Larne –Belfast –Newry –Dundalk –Drogheda –Dublin –Rosslare ...A Coruña –Pontevedra –Valença –Porto –Lisbon –Albufeira –Vila Real de Santo António –Huelva –Seville |
| E 80 | Lisbon –Aveiro –Vilar Formoso –Valladolid –Burgos –San Sebastián –Toulouse –Nice –Genoa – Rome –Pescara ...Dubrovnik –Podgorica –Pristina –Niš –Sofia –Plovdiv –Istanbul –İzmit –Gerede –Amasya –Erzurum –Gürbulak – border withIran |
| E 82 | Porto –Vila Real –Bragança –Zamora –Tordesillas |
| E 90 | Lisbon –Évora –Elvas –Madrid –Barcelona ...Mazara del Vallo –Palermo –Messina ...Reggio Calabria –Metaponto –Taranto –Brindisi ...Igoumenitsa –Ioannina –Kozani –Thessaloniki –Alexandroupoli –Gelibolu ...Lapseki –Bursa –Ankara –Adana –Nusaybin –Khabur River – border withIraq |
| E 801 | Verín –Chaves –Vila Real –Lamego –Viseu –Coimbra |
| E 802 | Bragança –Guarda –Castelo Branco –Portalegre –Évora –Beja –Ourique |
| E 805 | Famalicão –Guimarães –Vila Pouca de Aguiar –Chaves |
| E 806 | Torres Novas –Abrantes –Castelo Branco –Guarda |