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Riyah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arab tribe
For the town, seeRiyah, Morocco.

Riyah (Arabic:رياح,romanized: Riyāḥ) is anArab tribe and one of the most powerful sub-tribes ofBanu Hilal, a confederation ofArabian tribes that emigrated fromNajd to theMaghreb in the 11th century. At the time of theArab migration to the Maghreb in the 11th century, their chief was Munis bin Yahya of the family of Mirdas.[1]

History

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The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave ofArab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when theZirid dynasty of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from theFatimid Caliphate of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched largeBedouin Arab tribes, mainly theBanu Hilal andBanu Sulaym, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed anomadic lifestyle and were originally from theHejaz andNajd.[2] They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb intoArab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.[2] It played a major role in spreadingBedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near theSahara.[3] Sources estimate that the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs.[4] At the time of the migration, Banu Hilal were very numerous, effectively a nation divided into its own sub-tribes, of which the most notable were the Athbaj, Riyah, Jusham, Zughba, Adi, and Qurra.[5]

InIbn Khaldun's time (1332–1406), Riyah tribes were mainly centered in the area of easternAlgeria aroundConstantine.[6] In 1217, Arab warriors of Riyah reinforced theAlmohad army and defeated an army of theMarinids. The leader of Banu MarinAbd al-Haqq I was killed in the battle and the Marinids were repelled from the region of easternMorocco for a long time.[7]Ibn Abi Zar recorded this battle and identified the Riyah Arabs as the strongest tribe in theMaghreb.[8] At this time, Riyah were mainly present in the central Maghreb (present-day Algeria) and northernIfriqiya (northern present-dayTunisia).[5] Over time they were settled in present-day Morocco along with the tribes ofKhult andZughba, beginning the ruralArabization of the western Maghreb.[9]

References

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  1. ^Marçais, Georges (2012-04-24),"Riyāḥ",Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936), Brill, retrieved2023-05-26
  2. ^abel-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2019-05-01).Killing the Arab Spring. Algora Publishing. p. 82.ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8.
  3. ^Duri, A. A. (2012).The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation). Routledge. pp. 70–74.ISBN 978-0-415-62286-8.
  4. ^Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (2011-01-01).The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. p. 409.ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
  5. ^abBaadj, Amar S. (2015-08-11).Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). BRILL. pp. 24, 128.ISBN 978-90-04-29857-6.
  6. ^Himmich, Ben Salem (2004).The Polymath. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 239.ISBN 978-977-424-821-4.
  7. ^Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20).A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 103.ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
  8. ^Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2012-02-02).Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. p. 108.ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  9. ^Bennison, Amira K. (2016-07-05).Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. p. 80.ISBN 978-0-7486-4682-1.
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