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 Rikidōzan with theJapanese Heavyweight Championship belt, 1954 | |
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Born | Kim Sin-rak (김신락) November 14, 1924 |
| Died | December 15, 1963(1963-12-15) (aged 39) Minato, Tokyo, Japan |
| Cause of death | Peritonitis, consequently resulting frommanslaughter |
| Children | Mitsuo Momota,Yoshihiro Momota |
| Family | Pak Myong-chol (son-in-law) |
| Professional wrestling career | |
| Ring name(s) | Rikidōzan Mitsuhiro Momota |
| Billed height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Billed weight | 110 kg (243 lb) |
| Billed from | Nagasaki |
| Trained by | Harold Sakata Bobby Bruns |
| Debut | October 28, 1951 |
| Retired | December 7, 1963 (last match) |
| Rikidōzan Mitsuhiro | |
|---|---|
| 力道山 光浩 | |
| Personal information | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 116 kg (256 lb; 18 st 4 lb) |
| Career | |
| Stable | Nishonoseki |
| Record | 135–82–15 |
| Debut | May 1940 |
| Highest rank | Sekiwake (May 1949) |
| Retired | September 1950 |
| Championships | 1 (Makushita) 1 (Sandanme) |
| Special Prizes | Outstanding Performance (1) |
| Gold Stars | 2 (Azumafuji) |
Last updated: May 2013 | |
Mitsuhiro Momota[a] (bornKim Sin-rak[b]; November 14, 1924[nb 1] – December 15, 1963), better known by thering nameRikidōzan (力道山), was aKorean-Japaneseprofessional wrestler andsumo wrestler (rikishi). He was known as the father ofprofessional wrestling in Japan, nicknamedThe Father of Puroresu (日本プロレス界の父), and is considered one of the most influential persons in professional wrestling history.
Born inKorea under Japanese occupation, in what is nowNorth Korea, Rikidōzan initially practicedssireum (Korean folk wrestling) before moving toNagasaki in order to become a professional sumo wrestler. As a member of theNishonoseki stable, he was given theshikonaRikidōzan Mitsuhiro (力道山 光浩). He competed in sumo until 1951, retiring as asekiwake, when he was introduced to professional wrestling by members of the AmericanNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He was credited with bringing the sport ofprofessional wrestling to Japan at a time when the Japanese needed a local hero to emulate and was lauded as a national hero.
Rikidōzandied at the age of 39 due to an injury from astreet fight with a member of theSumiyoshi-ikka Yakuza in 1963. He was inducted posthumously into theWWE Hall of Fame in 2017, becoming the first ethnic Korean inductee and the third puroresu star to be inducted afterAntonio Inoki andTatsumi Fujinami.
Momota, who was bornKim Sin-rak, was born inKankyōnan-dō,Chōsen (nowSouth Hamgyong,North Korea), on November 14, 1924. He was the youngest son of Kim Sok-tee, the owner of a Korean farm with a Confucian tradition, and his wife Chon Gi. He tended his father whilst he had suffered from ill health, whilst his mother and older brothers tended to the farm. Kim participated inssireum in his youth, and, after placing third in a local competition, spoke to Minosuke Momota,[1] the father-in-law of a Japanese man fromOmura who had moved to Korea to become apoliceman. Momota was interested insumo and supported theNishonoseki stable. He had recruited several Korean boys for the stable, and persuaded him to join as well. However, his family refused to let him go to Japan, due to his responsibility to care for his father. However, after Kim Sok-tee's death in 1939,[2][3][4] Sin-rak left for Japan the following year over his mother's objections.[1]
Joining the Nishonoseki stable, Kim debuted in June 1940. At first, his Korean origins were indicated on sumo ranking sheets, and he received harassment andracial discrimination for this.[1] However, he was adopted by Momota and took the nameMitsuhiro Momota, and a story was fabricated that he had been born inOmura,Nagasaki.[1] Despite this, he did not attain Japanese citizenship until 1951.[5] He was given theshikona ofRikidōzan Mitsuhiro (Japanese:力道山 光浩,Hepburn:Rikidouzan Mitsuhiro). He reached the topmakuuchi division in 1946 and was runner-up toyokozunaHaguroyama in thetournament of June 1947, losing a playoff for thechampionship. He fought in 23 tournaments in total, with a win–loss record of 135–82. His highest rank wassekiwake,[6] though he was reportedly close to a promotion toōzeki before his retirement.[1]
Several reasons have been given for his retirement. The amount of success he had earned despite his humble beginnings was a source of envy amongst his seniors in Nishonoseki. Racial discrimination may have also been a factor,[7] but the impetus for his retirement came due to a financial dispute with stable-masterTamanoumi Daitarō.[1] Rikidozan felt that his substantial contributions to the stable made him worthy of major financial support, but Tamanoumi considered him selfish, and he was refused after a heated argument. While the public explanation for his retirement claimed that he suffered fromparagonimiasis, the truth was that on September 10, 1950, soon after the argument with Tamanoumi, Momota "impulsively" cut his ownchonmage top knot.[1]
After his retirement, Momota initially worked alongside Americans as ablack marketeer. His business came through purchasing the belongings of US soldiers departing for service in Korea, and selling these goods to the Japanese.[1] He eventually left this job, and after a petition to return to sumo was rejected, he was given work as a construction supervisor by his former patron Shinsaku Nitta.[1] Nitta had worked in a Tokyoprisoner-of-war camp during World War II, and had secretly provided American prisoners with food and cigarettes; to repay him for his kindness, former prisoners who went on to work at theGHQ gave his construction company preferential treatment when contracting reconstruction work.[1] Nitta also had ties to the criminal underworld, and had been deeply involved with sumo in this manner.[1][nb 2]
In July 1951, the Tokyo-basedTorii Oasis Shriners Club announced their intent to sponsor a charity drive for disabled children, for which they would arrange a professional wrestling tour.[1] These events would be promoted by Honolulu businessman Moe Lipton. Around this time, Rikidōzan reportedly expressed interest in becoming a professional wrestler.[1] In September, wrestling promoter Al Karasick of Honolulu-basedMid-Pacific Promotions announced that he, alongsideJoe Malcewicz ofNWA San Francisco, had secured a deal with Lipton. Karasick and Malcewisz would send six wrestlers for a twelve-date tour, held from September 30 to December 11.[1][nb 3] These wrestlers includedHarold Sakata and Mid-Pacific booker Bobby Bruns. While Bruns was in Japan before the tour began, he invited Rikidozan, as well asjudokaKokichi Endo [ja] and Yasuyuki Sakabe, to participate in these events.[1] After one month of training, Rikidozan made his professional wrestling debut at Ryogoku Memorial Hall on October 28, 1951, wrestling Bruns to a ten-minute time-limit draw. He would continue to work on the rest of the tour, although he would later comment that he had done so with great difficulty, as he lacked the stamina required of wrestlers.[1]
Rikidōzan left Japan in February 1952 to work in America for further training and experience. This began with a five-month stint for Mid-Pacific Promotions, where he was trained by Oki Shikina.[1]
Rikidōzan's breakout performances were with partner and famous judokaMasahiko Kimura in matches against theCanadianSharpe Brothers in 1954, coinciding with increased television viewership in Japan. He continued to establish himself as Japan's biggest wrestling star by defeatingforeign wrestlers, becoming a major television star in the process.[8][9] This was shortly afterWorld War II, and the Japanese needed someone who could stand up to the Americans. Rikidōzan thus became immensely popular in Japan. His American opponents assisted him by portraying themselves asvillains who cheated in their matches. Rikidōzan himself wasbooked as a villain when he wrestled in America early on but went on to become one of the first Japanese wrestlers to be cheered as a babyface in post World War II America.
Rikidōzan gained worldwide renown when he defeatedLou Thesz for theNWA International Heavyweight Championship on August 27, 1958, in Japan. In another match, Thesz willingly agreed toput over Rikidōzan at the expense of his own reputation. This built up mutual respect between the two wrestlers, and Rikidōzan never forgot what Thesz did. He would go on to capture severalNWA titles in matches both in Japan and overseas. Rikidōzan also trained professional wrestling students, notably includingKanji "Antonio" Inoki,Kintarō Ōki, andShohei "Giant" Baba.
His signature move was thekarate chop, which was actually based on sumo'sharite, rather than actualkarate. Rikidozan had likely conceived the move while being with a Korean-bornkarateka,Hideo Nakamura, who was one of Rikidozan's dearest friends.[10] It was rumored that he had been coached by fellow KoreanMasutatsu Oyama.
He established theJapan Pro Wrestling Alliance (JWA), Japan's first professional wrestling promotion, in 1953. His first major feud was against Masahiko Kimura, the famous judoka who had been invited by Momota to compete as a professional wrestler. Other famous feuds included those against Thesz in 1957–58, against"Classy" Freddie Blassie in 1962, and againstDick "The Destroyer" Beyer in 1963. In wrestling journalist John M. Molinaro's 2002 bookTop 100 Pro Wrestlers of All Time, it is noted that two of his matches are rated in the top ten television programs of all time in Japan.[11] His October 6, 1957 hour-long draw withLou Thesz for theNWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating, and his May 24, 1963 hour-longtwo out of three falls draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating, but a larger viewing audience (the largest in Japanese history) than the previous match, since more people had television sets by 1963.
Rikidōzan appeared in 29 films, including お月様には悪いけどOtsukisama ni wa warui kedo (1954, as himself), やがて青空Yagate aozora [ja] (1955, as himself), and 力道山物語 怒濤の男Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko (1955 as himself).[12]
With his success in pro wrestling, Momota began aside-career as abusinessman, acquiring properties such asnightclubs,hotels,condominiums andboxing promotions. Rikidōzan's luxurious apartment, known asRiki Mansion, is located inAkasaka,Minato,Tokyo and is recognizable for the large "R" printed on the side of the building. Rikidōzan also owned a 9-storey "Riki Sports Palace" inShibuya, which included a bowling alley, a pool room, a bar known as "Club Riki", and a restaurant known as "Riki Restaurant". Shortly before his death, Rikidōzan had purchased land inLake Sagami and had begun work on a large scale golf course to be known as "Lakeside Country Club", set to feature facilities such as a shooting range, indoor skate rink, hotel, and more along the shore of Sagami Lake. However, it remained incomplete due to his death and was eventually sold and became Sagami Lake Resort, a hotel.
Rikidōzan was known to have manygirlfriends throughout his lifetime and was often known to see numerous women at the same time. He married his wife, Keiko Tanaka shortly before his death. A 1984 article in weeklyPlayboy drew much attention after it revealed Rikidōzan was actually fromKorea and had been married and had children before he met Tanaka, considered to be taboo in Japan.[13]
After his wrestling matches, he would often immediately go to Riki Sports Palace and start drinking without cleaning up any wounds. He was known to joke with bar staff and say "work was awful today" while either being covered in blood or having a large scar on his face.[13]
According toWhy did Masahiko Kimura not kill Rikidozan? [ja], Rikidozan had a friendship withHideo Nakamura, who was also from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is said that Rikidozan adored Nakamura and called him "Hyung Nim (형님)", which means his older brother in Korean.[10]
Rikidōzan spent his spare time hunting and was said to own several legitimate hunting guns at the time of his death. His autobiography also claimed that Rikidozan made his wife carry a handgun wherever she went. He would also playshogi with professional player Kusama Matsuji.[13]
After Rikidōzan's death, actor Ikuro Otsuji also lived in Riki Mansion in his later years.
After his death, his son,Mitsuo Momota said that while Rikidōzan owned a lot of property and real estate, he also had a lot of debt, and the inheritance tax on his estate was upwards of¥20 million ($180,000USD), equivalent to ¥96.9 million (US$665,000) as of 2023, due to Rikidōzan owing millions of yen in unpaid taxes.[14]
Due to the notoriety he gained from his wrestling career, Rikidōzan was a hugecelebrity in Japan and was frequently discussed intabloids and magazines. Despite his image of a national hero, he had a reputation for being a troublemaker, especially in the later years of his career. Due to his deteriorating physical health, Rikidōzan began to abuse painkillers in the early 1960s and would take stimulants before and after his matches.
When Rikidōzan was in a good mood, he would leave bar staff a tip of as much as ¥10,000, but when he was in a bad mood, bar fights and violence were an almost daily event.[15][16] Rikidōzan's reputation for being aheavy drinker also aroused suspicion surrounding the legitimacy of pro wrestling, as he would "fight" opponents and then be seen drinking and socialising with them just hours later.[17] At one point, Rikidōzan was in a bar withRoberto Barbon, a Cubanbaseball player for theHankyu Braves, who had been drinking and started heckling Rikidōzan, calling professional wrestling fake. Rikidōzan became hostile, threatening violence and demanding an apology, which Barbon agreed to.
On December 8, 1963, Rikidōzan was stabbed once by Katsushi Murata, a member of theninkyō dantaiSumiyoshi-ikka, ayakuza organization, after an altercation in a nightclub. Rikidōzan alleged that Murata stepped on his shoe, and demanded an apology. Murata refused and the two began to argue which eventually led to Rikidōzan punching Murata in the face, knocking him against a wall. Rikidōzan then mounted Murata and continued to punch him on the ground until Murata stabbed Rikidōzan once in theabdomen. Both immediately fled the scene and Rikidōzan was taken to Sannoh Hospital, where a doctor decreed the wound to be non-serious but advised Rikidōzan to have surgery. The surgery was successful and he returned home, but went against doctor's orders and began eating and drinking the same day, sending his assistant to the store forsushi andsake. Due to drinking so much, Rikidōzan worsened his condition and required a second surgery one week later, but had developedperitonitis and died at approximately 9:50pm on December 15, 1963. He was 39 years old.[18][19][20]
Rikidōzan's funeral was held on December 20, 1963, in Ikegami Honmonji Temple inŌta, Tokyo.[21][22] Among those in attendance were Rikidōzan's students,Antonio Inoki,Giant Baba, andKintarō Ōki, as well as various other opponents from throughout his career.
Katsushi Murata was later found guilty ofmanslaughter in October 1964 and served eight years in prison before being released in 1972. Murata visited the grave of Rikidōzan every year on December 15 following his release. He also called the sons of Rikidōzan and apologised yearly. In the years following his release, Murata became a high-ranking yakuza.[18][19][20][23] Murata died on April 9, 2013, from natural causes.[24]
One of his sons,Mitsuo, followed his father into the ring in 1970 and retired in 2021 at 73, but was never able to earn the recognition that once made his father famous, despite winning theWorld Junior Heavyweight Championship in 1989. Mitsuo's son, Chikara Momota, made his in-ring debut on December 16, 2013, the day after the fiftieth anniversary of the death of his grandfather.[25] Rikidōzan's other son,Yoshihiro Momota, was also a pro wrestler.
Rikidōzan's son-in-law,Pak Myong-chol (박명철), has been amember of the National Defence Commission of North Korea since around early 2009, while Pak Myong-chol's younger sister is the vice secretary of the Light Industry Division of theWorkers' Party of Korea.[26][27]
| - | Spring Haru basho,Tokyo | Summer Natsu basho,Tokyo | Autumn Aki basho,Tokyo | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 | Not held | Not held | West Maegashira #17 9–4 | |||
| 1947 | Not held | East Maegashira #8 9–1–P | East Maegashira #3 6–5 | |||
| 1948 | Not held | East Maegashira #2 8–3 O★ | East Komusubi 6–5 | |||
| 1949 | West Komusubi 8–5 | West Sekiwake 3–12 | West Maegashira #2 8–7 ★ | |||
| 1950 | West Komusubi 10–5 | West Sekiwake 8–7 | West Sekiwake Retired 0–0 | |||
| Record given aswins–losses–absences Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation Sanshō key:F=Fighting spirit;O=Outstanding performance;T=Technique Also shown:★=Kinboshi;P=Playoff(s) | ||||||
Rikidōzan posthumously became one of the first members of theWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 and he was posthumously inducted into theProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2006, as well as the "Legacy Wing" of theWWE Hall of Fame for the 2017 class. In 2024,Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling established thePWA Champions Grail, a championship merging the lineage of Rikidozan and Toyonobori's 1962 Toyonaka trophy with theWrestling Retribution Project trophy won byKenny Omega in Hollywood in 2011. In 2002, Rikidōzan was named the 3rd greatest pro wrestler of all time behind Ric Flair and rival Lou Thesz in the magazine article 100 Wrestlers of All Time by John Molinaro, edited byDave Meltzer and Jeff Marek.[31]
The 2004 South Korean-Japanesebiographical film,Rikidōzan, was directed bySong Hae-sung and features actorSul Kyung-gu in the title role.
Biography of Rikidozan
Discusses Rikidōzan's impact on Japanese pop-culture and the yakuza underworld during the American occupation of Japan, and also includes a small photo collection of Rikidōzan, and his killer, Katsuji Murata
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