This article is about the title in relation to the Holocaust. For the theological concept, seeVirtuous pagan. For the concept in historical Judaism, seeGer toshav.
Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew:חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָםḥasidei ummot ha'olam) is an honorific used by theState of Israel to describe all of thenon-Jews who, out ofaltruism, risked their lives in order to saveJews from being exterminated byNazi Germany during theHolocaust. The term originates from the concept ofger toshav, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of theSeven Laws of Noah.
Recent research has complicated dominant historical narratives aboutrescue of Jews during the Holocaust. The vast majority of rescue was enabled by the exchange of money, goods, or services, while many survivors concealed complicating facts in applications of Yad Vashem.[1]
WhenYad Vashem, theHolocaustMartyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by theKnesset, one of its tasks was to commemorate the "Righteous Among the Nations". The Righteous were defined as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
Since 1963, a commission headed by a justice of theSupreme Court of Israel has been charged with the duty of awarding the honorary title "Righteous Among the Nations". Guided in its work by certain criteria, the commission meticulously studies all documentation including evidence by survivors and other eyewitnesses, evaluates the historical circumstances and the element of risk to the rescuer, and then decides if the case meets the criteria. Those criteria are:[2]
Only a Jewish party can put forward a nomination.
Helping a family member or helping a Jew who converted to Christianity is not ground for recognition.
Assistance has to be repeated or substantial.
Assistance has to be given without any financial gain expected in return (although covering expenses such as food is acceptable).
Memorial tree in Jerusalem, Israel honoringIrena Sendler, a Polish Roman Catholic nurse who saved 2,500 JewsObverse (left) and reverse (right) of the Righteous Medal
A person who is recognized as Righteous for having taken risks to help Jews during the Holocaust is awarded a medal in their name, a certificate of honor, and the privilege of having the name added to those on the Wall of Honor in theGarden of the Righteous atYad Vashem inJerusalem (the last is in lieu of a tree planting, which was discontinued for lack of space). The awards are distributed to the rescuers or their next of kin during ceremonies in Israel, or in their countries of residence through the offices of Israel's diplomatic representatives. These ceremonies are attended by local government representatives and are given wide media coverage.[citation needed]
The Yad Vashem Law authorizes Yad Vashem "to conferhonorary citizenship upon the Righteous Among the Nations, and if they have died, thecommemorative citizenship of the State of Israel, in recognition of their actions". Anyone who has been recognized as "Righteous" is entitled to apply to Yad Vashem for the certificate. If the person is no longer alive, their next of kin is entitled to request that commemorative citizenship be conferred on the Righteous who has died.[5]
In total, 28,486 (as of 1 January 2023[update])[6] men and women from 51 countries have been recognized,[6] amounting to more than 10,000 authenticated rescue stories. Yad Vashem's policy is to pursue the program for as long as petitions for this title are received and are supported by evidence that meets the criteria.[7]
Recipients who choose to live in the State of Israel are entitled to a pension equal to the average national wage and free health care, as well as assistance with housing and nursing care.[8][9]
At least 130 Righteous non-Jews have settled inIsrael. They were welcomed by Israeli authorities, and were granted citizenship. In the mid-1980s, they became entitled to special pensions. Some of them had settled in BritishMandatory Palestine before Israel's establishment shortly afterWorld War II, or in the early years of Israel, while others came later. Those who came earlier often spoke fluentHebrew and have integrated into Israeli society.[10] Children and grandchildren of Righteous Gentiles are entitled to a temporary residence visa in Israel, but not Israeli citizenship.[11]
When Algerian Catholic nunMarguerite Bernes was recognised by the Israeli Holocaust memorial centreYad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations in 1974, she said of this honour that "we simply did our duty."[17][18]
Giuseppina De Muro, an Italian Catholic nun who saved over 500 people from deportation to concentration camps, was declared Righteous Among the Nations in 2024.[19]
1940 issued visa by ConsulChiune Sugihara in LithuaniaPolish passport extended in 1941 by Righteous Among the Nations Chilean diplomatSamuel del CampoUniversity study booklet issued to Polish Righteous Among the Nations Wladyslaw Smolski in 1938
In 2015, Lithuania's first street sign honoring a Righteous Among the Nations was unveiled inVilnius.[20] The street is namedOnos Šimaitės gatvė, afterOna Šimaitė, aVilnius University librarian who helped and rescued Jewish people in theVilna Ghetto.[20]
Beginning in 2018, China's most significant World War II museum, theWar of Resistance Museum, features China's Righteous Among the Nations and other Chinese figures who helped Jews escape Europe.[22]
As of 1 January 2023[update], the award has been made to 28,486 people. Yad Vashem emphasises that the table is not representative of the effort or proportion of Jews saved per country, and notes that these numbers "are not necessarily an indication of the actual number of rescuers in each country, but reflect the cases that were made available to Yad Vashem."[6]
^While the title of Righteous is awarded to individuals, not groups, the Danish resistance viewed the Rescue of the Danish Jews as a collective act, and asked Yad Vashem not to recognize resistance members individually. Yad Vashem respected the request, and hence the number of Danish Righteous is relatively small.
^abc"About the Righteous: Statistics".Names of Righteous by Country. Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 1 January 2023. Retrieved2 August 2025.
^Gaydosh, Brenda (2017).Bernhard Lichtenberg. Roman Catholic Priest and Martyr of the Nazi Regime. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 175.ISBN978-1-4985-5311-7.
^Nižňanský, Eduard (2014). "On Relations between the Slovak Majority and Jewish Minority During World War II".Yad Vashem Studies.42 (2): 89.ISSN0084-3296.
The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations – Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust, Editor-in-Chief: Israel Gutman. ISBN 0976442582. Yad Vashem
The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage,Mark Klempner,ISBN0-8298-1699-2, The Pilgrim Press.
Tolerance in Judaism: The Medieval and Modern Sources, Zuesse, Evan M., In: The Encyclopaedia of Judaism, edited byJacob Neusner, A. Avery-Peck, and W.S. Green, 2nd ed.,ISBN90-04-14787-X, Leiden:Brill Publishers, 2005, Vol. IV: 2688–2713.
When Courage Was Stronger Than Fear: Remarkable Stories of Christians Who Saved Jews from the Holocaust by Peter Hellman. 2nd ed.,ISBN1-56924-663-7, Marlowe & Company, 1999.
Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis, Subak, Susan Elisabeth,University of Nebraska Press, 342 pp., 2010.
Ugo G. Pacifici Noja e Silvia Pacifici Noja, Il cacciatore di giusti: storie di non ebrei che salvarono i figli di Israele dalla Shoah, Cantalupa Torinese,Effatà, 2010, (in Italian),ISBN978-88-7402-568-8.
