Rick Perry | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Official portrait, 2017 | |
| 14thUnited States Secretary of Energy | |
| In office March 2, 2017 – December 1, 2019 | |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Deputy | Dan Brouillette |
| Preceded by | Ernest Moniz |
| Succeeded by | Dan Brouillette |
| 47thGovernor of Texas | |
| In office December 21, 2000 – January 20, 2015 | |
| Lieutenant | Bill Ratliff David Dewhurst |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| Succeeded by | Greg Abbott |
| 39thLieutenant Governor of Texas | |
| In office January 19, 1999 – December 21, 2000 | |
| Governor | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Bob Bullock |
| Succeeded by | Bill Ratliff |
| 9thAgriculture Commissioner of Texas | |
| In office January 15, 1991 – January 19, 1999 | |
| Governor | Ann Richards George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Jim Hightower |
| Succeeded by | Susan Combs |
| Member of theTexas House of Representatives from the64th district | |
| In office January 8, 1985 – January 8, 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Hanna |
| Succeeded by | John R. Cook |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Richard Perry (1950-03-04)March 4, 1950 (age 75) Haskell, Texas, U.S. |
| Party | Democratic (before 1989) Republican (1989–present) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Texas A&M University (BS) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1972–1977[1] |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron |
James Richard Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician who served as the 14thUnited States secretary of energy from 2017 to 2019. He previously served as the 47thgovernor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 and ran unsuccessfully for theRepublican nomination forpresident of the United States in the2012 and2016 elections.
Born into a family of cotton farmers inHaskell, Texas, Perry graduated fromTexas A&M University in 1972 and entered into theUnited States Air Force, serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank ofcaptain.[2] After leaving the Air Force in 1977, Perry returned to Texas and entered politics, serving as a member of theTexas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991. Initially aDemocrat, Perry switched parties in 1989 and became aRepublican, and was electedAgriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year. In 1998, Perry was electedlieutenant governor of Texas, becoming the state's first Republican lieutenant governor sinceReconstruction.
Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000, after GovernorGeorge W. Bush resigned following hiselection as president. Perry was elected governor in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006 and 2010, becoming the longest-serving governor in Texas history. As governor, Perry identified as a staunchconservative, enactingconservative fiscal policies,restrictions on abortion and expandedgun rights.[3][4] Long considered a potential presidential candidate, Perry officially announced his candidacy for the2012 Republican nomination for president in August 2011. Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess, leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination. However, his support declined following debates and early primaries, and he withdrew from the race in January 2012.[5]
Perry declined to seek re-election to a fourth term as governor and left office in 2015, launching asecond presidential campaign shortly thereafter. Perry's second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support, fundraising or media attention, leading him to withdraw from the race after only three months.[6] Perry was initially a vocal opponent ofDonald Trump's2016 presidential campaign, however, he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination.[7] Afterwinning the presidency, Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy, and he was confirmed by theUnited States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2, 2017. On October 17, 2019, Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign at the end of the year. Perry's resignation was related to his involvement in theTrump–Ukraine scandal that eventually led to Trump's impeachment. He left office on December 1, 2019.[8]
A fifth-generation Texan, Perry was born on March 4, 1950, inHaskell, Texas, and raised inPaint Creek, Texas, the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry and Amelia June Holt Perry. He has one older sister. Perry's ancestry is almost entirely English, dating as far back as the originalThirteen Colonies. His family has been in Texas since before theTexas Revolution.[9][10][11]
His father, aDemocrat, was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member. Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961, when his father took him to the funeral of U.S. RepresentativeSam Rayburn.[12]
Perry was in theBoy Scouts of America (BSA) and earned the rank ofEagle Scout.[13] The BSA has honored Perry with theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.[14]
Perry attendedTexas A&M University where he was a member of theCorps of Cadets and theAlpha Gamma Rho fraternity. He was elected senior class social secretary, a member andredpot inAggie Bonfire, and one of A&M's five"yell leaders".[15][16] He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree inanimal science.[17][18]
In 1989, he said, "I was probably a bit of a free spirit, not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime, I would have not lasted atTexas Tech or theUniversity of Texas. I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester."[17]
In the early 1970s, Perry interned during several summers withSouthwestern Advantage, as a door-to-door book salesman. "I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [then president of theSouthwestern family of companies] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life", Perry said in 2010. "There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face." He said that "Mr. Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly, clearly and with passion, a lesson that has served me well in my life since then."[19]
Upon graduation from college in 1972, Perry was commissioned as an officer in theUnited States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974. He was then assigned as aLockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron atDyess Air Force Base, located in Abilene, Texas. Perry's duties included two-month overseas rotations atRAF Mildenhall, located inMildenhall, England, andRhein-Main Air Base, located at Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His missions included a 1974U.S. State Department drought relief effort inMali,Mauritania andChad, and, in 1976, earthquake relief inGuatemala.[20] He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank ofcaptain, returned to Texas, and went into farming cotton with his father.[2]
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In 1984, Perry was elected to theTexas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64, which included his home county ofHaskell. He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office. He befriended fellow freshman state representativeLena Guerrero, a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perry's reelection bid in 2006.
Perry was part of the "Pit Bulls", a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ("the pit") who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s.[21] At one point,The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature.[22]
In 1987, Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican GovernorBill Clements.[23] Perry supportedAl Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gore's campaign in Texas.[24] On September 29, 1989, Perry announced that he was switching parties, becoming a Republican.[25] On a guest appearance onFox showHannity, he partially creditsRonald Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican, also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan.[26]
In 1990, as a newly minted Republican, Perry challengedJim Hightower, the incumbent DemocraticAgriculture Commissioner.Karl Rove was Perry's campaign manager.[27]
In the Republican primary on March 13, 1990, Perry polled 276,558 votes (47%), withRichard McIver garnering 176,976 votes (30%) and Gene L. Duke, who placed third, polling 132,497 votes (23%).[28] Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright, a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10, 1990. In the runoff, he emerged victorious, garnering 96,649 votes (69%) to McIver's 43,921 votes (31%).[29]
During 1990, Hightower's office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery. Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising, although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings.[30] Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990, garnering 1,864,463 votes (49%) to Hightower's 1,820,145 votes (48%).[31]
Rove raised $3 million to raise Perry's profile, "while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower" resulting in Perry's name becoming a "household name in Texas—and Hightower's name synonymous with corruption".[32]
As Agriculture Commissioner, Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations, and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures, such asgasoline pumps andgrocery store scales.[33]
In April 1993, Perry, while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner, expressed support for the effortto reform the nation's healthcare, describing it as "most commendable".[34] The healthcare plan, first revealed in September, was ultimatelyunsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition.[35][36][37][38][39] In 2005, after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary, Perry said he expressed his support only in order to getthe Clintons to pay more attention to rural healthcare.[40]
In 1994, Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin, getting 2,546,287 votes (62 percent) to Democrat Marvin Gregory's 1,479,692 (36 percent).Libertarian Clyde L. Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes (2 percent).[41] Gregory, a chicken farmer fromSulphur Springs, Texas, was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early '90s as a Republican but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994.[42]
In 1998, Perry ran forlieutenant governor. During this election, Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove, which began the much-reported rivalry between theBush and Perry camps.[43] Perry polled 1,858,837 votes (50.04 percent) to the 1,790,106 (48.19 percent) cast for DemocratJohn Sharp. Perry became the state'sfirst Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction, taking office on January 19, 1999.
Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21, 2000, following the resignation ofGeorge W. Bush—who was preparing to becomepresident of the United States.[13] He won the office in his own right in the2002 gubernatorial election, where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessmanTony Sanchez's 40%.[41] He was re-elected in the2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents, polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S. CongressmanChris Bell of Houston with 30%. Former Republican Comptroller,Carole Keeton Strayhorn, running as an independent, garnered 18% of the vote and comic/author/musician,Kinky Friedman, also running as an independent, garnered over 12%. In the2010 gubernatorial election, Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms, polling 55% of votes to former Houston MayorBill White's 42%.
In the 2001 legislative session, Perry set a record for his use of theveto, rejecting 82 acts, more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state sinceReconstruction.[44][45][46]
Perry is one of five governors of Texas to have served three terms, the others beingAllan Shivers,Price Daniel,John Connally and laterGreg Abbott. He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history. He had served for 14 years by the time he left office, making him the second longest-serving U.S. governor at the time, behindTerry Branstad of Iowa.
In his presidential campaign, Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship. The efficacy of Perry's economic policies has been questioned by some sources, includingEzra Klein.[47][48][49]
A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism, Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues, such as his opposition to creating a stateincome tax. In 2002, Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor, and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases.[50][51][3][52] In 2009, Perry signedGrover Norquist's pledge to "oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes".[53][54]
Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012, increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011.[55] The state's public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits, and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary. Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010, before the bond sales.[56]
In 2003, Perry signed legislation that created theTexas Enterprise Fund, which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses.The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants, or their chief executives, have made contributions to Perry's campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association.[57] (Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011.[58]) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives, while the state government was experiencing budget deficits.[59][60]
As governor, Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act, describing the latter as "socialism on American soil".[61] His focus in Texas was ontort reform, signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages inmedical malpractice judgments.[62] Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign, although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas.[61][63]
During Perry's governorship, Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26%, and had the lowest level of access toprenatal care in the U.S. Perry and the state legislature cutMedicaid spending.[61][64] TheLos Angeles Times wrote that under Perry, "working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the state's safety net has withered."[64]
Perry's office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to healthcare. His spokeswoman said, "Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need... and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage."[64]
In December 2011, Perry said he had undergone a "transformation" and now opposed abortions, even in cases of rape and incest. The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mother's life.[65][66]
In February 2007, Perry issued anexecutive order mandating that Texas girls receive theHPV vaccine, which protects against some strains of thehuman papilloma virus, a contributing factor to some forms ofcervical cancer.[67] Following the move, news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccine's manufacturer,Merck.[67][68] Merck'spolitical action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perry's campaigns.[69] Perry later reversed his position, calling the vaccine mandate a "mistake".[70] In May 2007, the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order; Perry did not veto the bill, saying the veto would have been overruled, but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims.[71]
On July 1, 2011, Perry both had adultstem cell surgery in Houston and started "laying the groundwork" for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas.[72][73]
In 2006, Perry said he believed in theinerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not acceptJesus as their Savior will go to hell. A couple of days later, he clarified, "I don't know that there's any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be."[74]
In his 2008 bookOn My Honor, Perry expressed his views on theEstablishment Clause and theFree Exercise Clause of the U.S. Constitution. "Let's be clear: I don't believe government, which taxes people regardless of their faith, should espouse a specific faith. I also don't think we should allow a small minority ofatheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references."[75]
In June 2011, Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer andFasting, inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by theAmerican Family Association in Houston.[76][77] The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perry's presidential campaign.[78]
Perry has called himself "a firm believer inintelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect" and has expressed support for its teaching alongsideevolution in Texas schools but has also said that "educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum".[79]
In 2005, Perry said he would not "approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases, textbooks, education technology, and education reforms. And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom".[80]
Following a second rejection of Perry's bill, Perry askedJohn Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan, which was subsequently adopted.[81][82]
In 2001, Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition toundocumented immigrants who meet Texas' residency requirements. It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them.[83] In September 2014, Gov. Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program.[84]
Perry is a firm opponent of LGBT rights and as both governor of Texas and secretary of energy became controversial for his homophobic comments and anti-LGBT positions.
In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sexanti-sodomy law as "appropriate".[85] The following year, theU.S. Supreme Court struck down the statute inLawrence v. Texas, determining that it violated theFourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
In his 2010 book, Perry referenced theLawrence decision, writing "Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes."[86] In 2011, Perry admitted that he did not know about theLawrence decision; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texas's anti-sodomy law, Perry said: "I'm not taking thebar exam [...] I don't know what a lot of legal cases [...] My position on traditional marriage is clear [...] I don't need a federal law case to explain it to me."[86]
Perry supportedTexas Proposition 2 in 2005, a ballot proposition thatamended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as "only a union between a man and a woman" and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing "any legal status identical or similar to marriage" (such ascivil unions).[87]
In 2011, afterNew York legalized same-sex marriage, Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle ofstates' rights in theTenth Amendment.[88] A spokesman later reiterated Perry's support for afederal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, saying that position was not inconsistent, since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states.[89]
After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled inObergefell v. Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution, Perry condemned the decision, saying: "I'm a firm believer in traditional marriage, and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue."[90]
In his first book,On My Honor, published in 2008, Perry comparedhomosexuality toalcoholism, writing that he is "no expert on the 'nature versus nurture' debate" but gays should simply choose abstinence.[91] Perry's comments created immense controversy and drew ire from several LGBT rights groups.
During the 2012 presidential campaign, he criticized the repeal of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy for the U.S. military.[92] In a 2011 campaign ad, he stated: "there's something wrong in this country when gays can serve openly in the military" and later defended the ad, saying he was "very comfortable" with it.[93] Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was "not in America's interests" and was part of a "war on traditional American values".[94]
Perry, anEagle Scout, called on theBoy Scouts in 2013 to continue their ban on homosexuality.[95]
Perry's campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime. He has supportedblock grants for crime programs.[96]
Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of theInnocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that "He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty. On thedeath penalty, Rick Perry has a profound mental block."[97]
In 2001, Perry signed the James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act, which strengthened penalties for crimes motivated by a person's race, color, disability, religion, national origin or ancestry, age, gender or sexual preference.[98] The law was opposed by previous governor George Bush, who insisted that "all crimes are hate crimes."[99]
In 2007, Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest forcannabis possession.[100]
Perry supports thedeath penalty.[101] In June 2001, he vetoed a ban on theexecution ofmentally retarded inmates.[102] In 2011, during a televised debate for presidential candidates, he said he had "never struggled" with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor.[103]
Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those ofCameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationalsJosé Medellín andHumberto Leal Garcia.[104][105][106]
Perry commuted the death sentence ofKenneth Foster, who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime. Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide. In this case, it tied Foster to the triggerman. Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue. "I believe the right and just decision is to commute Foster's sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment," Perry said.[107]
Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case ofCameron Todd Willingham, even though an investigation by theTexas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly. Perry said in 2009 that "Willingham was a monster. He was a guy who murdered his three children, who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldn't have those kids. Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all aren't covering" and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case.[108][109] The replacements were believed to potentially related to theelection slated for the following year.[110]
In 2002, Perry proposed theTrans-Texas Corridor (TTC), a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways, rail, and utility lines and would be funded by private investors. Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects.[111][112] Opposition to the project, also called the "NAFTA super highway" garnered opposition from rural Texans,[113] labor and environmentalists, the project became a major issue in the2006 gubernatorial campaign.
Perry has held aConcealed Carry License (CCL)[114] and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access.[4]
In 2005, Perry launched Operation Linebacker, which was intended to prevent terrorists from exploiting the Texas-Mexico border. There was no evidence that terrorists attempted to exploit the border.[115][116] Perry touted the border security efforts as he campaigned for re-election. During Perry's governorship, he launched additional operations and persuaded the Texas legislature to devote more taxpayers' resources to border security. According to a 2022 investigative report by the Texas Tribune, "The way the governors and their administrations have tracked success has fluctuated over the years, offering little clarity into whether the state is closer to securing the border today than it was nearly 20 years ago. Neither the governor's office nor the DPS, the main agency leading border security efforts, can provide a full breakdown of the state-led operations since 2005, their duration, their cost to taxpayers and their accomplishments."[115]
During a large surge inillegal immigration through the U.S. southern border in the summer of 2014, Perry criticized U.S. PresidentBarack Obama, saying the surge was "a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop".[117] On July 21, 2014, Perry announced he would send in 1,000National Guard troops to secure the border.[118][119] Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard,PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as "mostly false".[120]
In 2016,The Texas Tribune wrote that "Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border."[121] After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016, Perry fully embraced Trump's proposed border wall.[122]
On August 15, 2014, Perry wasindicted by a Travis Countygrand jury.[123] The first charge of theindictment was abuse of official capacity, which has since been ruled unconstitutional,[124] for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit, a state public corruption prosecutors department. The second charge, which has also since been ruled unconstitutional, was coercion of a public servant, for seeking the resignation of Travis County District AttorneyRosemary Lehmberg, a Democrat, after she was convicted ofdrunk driving and incarcerated.[124][125][126]
Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges. Perry's supporters called the charges political and partisan,[127] and several Democratic commentators, includingDavid Axelrod, believed charges were weak.[128][129]
In February 2016, Perry was cleared of all charges.[130]
TheTexas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limitveto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates "theseparation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution" and infringed on Perry'sFirst Amendment right tofreedom of speech.[124]
By the end of his third full term, he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office. A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013, showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney GeneralGreg Abbott by double digits, 45–19%.[131] In February, the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin (49–17%) of 32 points over Abbott.[132]
However, Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term, announcing in front of family and supporters at theHolt Cat headquarters inSan Antonio on July 8, 2013, that he would retire instead.[133][134]
Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20, 2015, at 5,143 days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas governor.[135][136]
Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the2008 presidential election, initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded. He formally launched his campaign on August 13, 2011, inCharleston, South Carolina.[137]
Perry was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination.[138][139] However, Perry's performances in the GOP debates received generally poor reviews from the media. His botched attempt to criticizeMitt Romney as aflip-flopper in a debate held inOrlando, Florida was described as a "spectacular failure."[140] Perry lost many conservatives' support when he defended the Texas policy of allowing in-state tuition for the children of illegal immigrants. He said during one debate that those who opposed financially supporting their education didn't "have a heart."[141] After he mishandled a question about how he would respond to a "3am call" as president, Perry's advisers insisted that he get more sleep before the remaining debates.[142][143]
At the November 9, 2011 Republican debate, Perry began a fiery statement about his platform, pledging to eliminate three government agencies as part of his policy to cut federal spending. After naming theDepartments of Education and theCommerce, he was unable to remember the name of the third agency, eventually declaring "I can't. The third one, I can't. Sorry. Oops."[144] A few minutes later, Perry said that the third agency he proposed to eliminate was theDepartment of Energy (he would later become theSecretary of Energy under the Trump administration).[145]The Guardian called it "one of the most humiliating debate performances in recent US political history".[146][147]
After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in theIowa caucuses on January 3, 2012, Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not.[138][139] After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with "lagging" poll numbers in South Carolina, Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19, 2012.[5] CNN later stated that Perry's 2012 campaign "was crushed by the weight of his debate gaffe and stump speech mishaps".[148]
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Almost immediately following the 2012 election, Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election. A July 2013Time magazine article stated that "everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016."[149]
Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4, 2015 inAddison, Texas.[148]
Perry withdrew his candidacy on September 11, 2015 following poor polling after the first debate. He became the first in the field of major candidates to drop out of the race.[6] In the weeks before he dropped out of the race, Perry's campaign was in dire straits financially, having spent nearly four times as much as was raised.[150]
On January 25, 2016, Perry endorsed United States SenatorTed Cruz (R-TX) for president.[151] On May 5, 2016, following the suspension of Cruz's presidential campaign, Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency.[152]
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On December 14, 2016, President-elect Trump nominated Perry as Secretary of Energy.[153] The nomination initially faced heavy criticism asPerry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign[154] and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a presidential debate.[155] His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from theUnited States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31, 2017.[156]
On March 2, 2017, the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry.[157] The next month, Perry ordered a study of theU.S. electric grid with particular consideration tocoal power.[158][159]
In a CNBC interview on June 19, 2017, when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earth's temperature, Perry said, "The fact is this shouldn't be a debate about, 'Is the climate changing, is man having an effect on it?' Yeah, we are. The question should be just how much, and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?"[160]
In July 2017, Perry strongly expressed his support for Donald Trump's ban on transgender people from serving in the U.S. military stating that "The idea that the American people need to be paying for these types of operations to change your sex is not very wise from a standpoint of economics."[161]
In November 2017, Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault, saying, "When the lights are on, when you have light that shines the righteousness, if you will, on those types of acts." Perry was criticized by theSierra Club for "exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change".[162][163]
For one week in November 2018, it was reported that the U.S. had become a net exporter of oil, temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil.[164]
On October 4, 2019, theNew York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019, based on information from anonymous sources.[165] On October 17, 2019, Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year, ultimately departing at the beginning of December.[166][8]
| Trump–Ukraine scandal |
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.jpg) A request by U.S. presidentDonald Trump (right) to Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy (left) to investigateJoe Biden andhis son sparked the scandal. |
| Events |
| People |
Justice Department |
Defense Department |
National Security Council |
Intelligence |
Surrogates |
| Companies |
| Conspiracy theories |
A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskyy's May 2019 inauguration, Ukraine awarded the contract to Perry's supporters after Perry recommended one of them to be Zelenskyy's energy adviser. The recommendation was made as Zelenskyy was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S. military aid. A week after Perry attended the inauguration, "Ukrainian Energy", a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzer's investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranberg's Aspect Energy, submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska.[167]
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AJuly 25, 2019 telephone call between Trump andUkrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy led in September toa whistleblower complaint and animpeachment inquiry against Trump. Two weeks after the inquiry was launched, Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perry's urging.[168] Perry's spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelenskyy, but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations, which instead focused on Trump asking Zelenskyy to launch investigations intoJoe Biden,Hunter Biden,Crowdstrike, and the2016 U.S. presidential election.[169] Per Trump's direction earlier that year, Perry spoke withRudy Giuliani about Ukraine, whichMick Mulvaney confirmed.[170][171][172] Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials.[173] Mulvaney had putGordon Sondland,Kurt Volker, and Perry in charge of managing theUkraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at theNational Security Council and theUS Department of State.[174][175]
Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S. officials in relation to reports he planned to haveAmos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board atNaftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests. Perry denied the reports.[176][177] In November 2019, both Sondland andDavid Holmes, who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine, testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign, with Holmes even describing Perry, along with Sondland and Volker, was one of the "Three Amigos" who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani.[178][179][180][181][182]
In February 2015, Perry announced that he would join the board of directors ofEnergy Transfer Partners,[183] which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States, and Sunoco Partners, another major Dallas energy company.[184][185] According to SEC filings, Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31, 2016.[185] In early January 2020, Perry joined the board of LE GP, general partner of Energy Transfer.[186][187] In February 2020, Perry rejoined MCNA Dental's board of directors as chief strategy officer and vice chairman.[188]
On October 1, 2025, Perry, along with his son Griffin and conservative donor and investorToby Neugebauer, launched Fermi America, a data center real estate investment trust, which hopes to expand into nuclear energy.[189][190] The company plans to build an 11-gigawatt energy and data center campus on a 5,236-acre site located outsideAmarillo, Texas. In paperwork filed with regulators, the site is to be named the “Donald J. Trump Advanced Energy and Intelligence Campus.” Although the company had no announced customers, construction, or revenue, theIPO in October gave the company a market cap of $16 billion, with Perry's stake worth roughly $500 million.[191][192] In 2019, Forbes had estimated Perry's net worth at $3 million.
Perry was one of the celebrities competing onseason 23 ofDancing with the Stars in 2016. He was partnered with professional dancerEmma Slater.[193] Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place out of 13 competitors.[194]
Since consumingibogaine at a clinic in Mexico in September 2023, Perry has become an outspoken advocate for the drug andpsychedelic-assisted therapy, describing his public activities surrounding ibogaine as "[his] life's mission". To this end, he supported legislative efforts in Texas to fund clinical trials for treating military veterans with ibogaine, co-founded a non-profit organization that is focused on advancing ibogaine therapy in the United States, and has spoken publicly about his experiences with the drug.[195]
Perry grew up in theUnited Methodist Church. He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010, when they began attending Lake Hills Church, a non-denominationalevangelical Christianmegachurch in western Travis County.[196] Perry told theAustin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the governor's mansion was being renovated.[197] He was baptized in 2014.[196]
In 1982, Perry marriedMary Anita Thigpen, his childhood sweetheart whom he had known sinceelementary school. They have two adult children, Griffin and Sydney. Anita attendedWest Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing. She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at theUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, which focuses on nutrition,cardiovascular disease,health education, and early childhood development.[198] She helped develop and host theTexas Conference for Women.[199]
Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films, includingMan of the House,Deep in the Heart, andHating Breitbart.[200]
Perry is a member of the National Society of theSons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal.[201]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Rick Perry (incumbent) | 2,632,591 | 57.81 | |
| Democratic | Tony Sanchez | 1,819,798 | 39.96 | |
| Libertarian | Jeff Daiell | 66,720 | 1.47 | |
| Green | Rahul Mahajan | 32,187 | 0.71 | |
| Independent | Elaine Eure Henderson (write-in) | 1,715 | 0.04 | |
| Independent | Earl W. O'Neil (write-in) | 976 | 0.02 | |
| Turnout | 4,553,987 | 100.00 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Rick Perry (incumbent) | 1,716,803 | 39.03 | |
| Democratic | Chris Bell | 1,310,353 | 29.79 | |
| Independent | Carole Keeton Strayhorn | 797,577 | 18.13 | |
| Independent | Richard "Kinky" Friedman | 546,869 | 12.43 | |
| Libertarian | James Werner | 26,748 | 0.61 | |
| Independent | James "Patriot" Dillon (Write-in) | 718 | 0.02 | |
| Turnout | 4,399,068 | 100.00 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Rick Perry (incumbent) | 2,733,784 | 54.97 | |
| Democratic | Bill White | 2,102,606 | 42.30 | |
| Libertarian | Kathie Glass | 109,057 | 2.19 | |
| Green | Deb Shafto | 19,475 | 0.39 | |
| Independent | Andy Barron (write-in) | 7,973 | 0.15 | |
| Turnout | 4,979,870 | 100.00 | ||
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forAgriculture Commissioner of Texas 1990, 1994 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forLieutenant Governor of Texas 1998 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forGovernor of Texas 2002,2006,2010 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theRepublican Governors Association 2007–2008 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theRepublican Governors Association 2010–2011 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Agriculture Commissioner of Texas 1991–1999 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Lieutenant Governor of Texas 1999–2000 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Texas 2000–2015 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | United States Secretary of Energy 2017–2019 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) | ||
| Preceded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Order of precedence of the United States as Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Succeeded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member |
References
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
