Richmond County, North Carolina | |
|---|---|
 Richmond County Courthouse in Rockingham | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto(s): | |
 Location within the U.S. state ofNorth Carolina | |
 North Carolina's location within theU.S. | |
| Coordinates:35°00′N79°46′W / 35.00°N 79.76°W /35.00; -79.76 | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  North Carolina |
| Founded | November 10, 1779 |
| Named after | Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox |
| Seat | Rockingham |
| Largest community | Rockingham |
| Area | |
• Total | 479.70 sq mi (1,242.4 km2) |
| • Land | 473.69 sq mi (1,226.9 km2) |
| • Water | 6.01 sq mi (15.6 km2) 1.25% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 42,946 |
• Estimate (2024) | 41,990 |
| • Density | 90.66/sq mi (35.00/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Congressional district | 8th |
| Website | www |
Richmond County is acounty located on the central southern border of theU.S. state ofNorth Carolina. Itscounty seat isRockingham. The county was formed in 1779 from a portion ofAnson County and named in honor ofCharles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox. As of the2020 census, the population was 42,946.
The earliest inhabitants of the land eventually comprising Richmond County wereCheraw Native Americans.[1] The first European settlers in the area were Scottish Highlanders, who traveled up theCape Fear River valley to find farmland. English settlers initially arrived in the northwestern section of the eventual county after traveling down thePee Dee River and gradually became the dominant European-descent group in the area.[2] Many early settlers reared cattle.[3] Politically, the area was first organized as a portion ofBladen County and then eventuallyAnson County.[4]
Richmond County was formed in 1779 from a portion of Anson in order to reduce the amount of travel needed by residents to reach a county courthouse.[5] It was named forCharles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox who was an Englishman and a member of theParliament of the United Kingdom who sided with the colonists in America during theAmerican Revolution.[6] The county seat was established at Richmond Court House, which was renamedRockingham in 1785 in homage toCharles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, a British politician who had friendly relations with the Americans.[1] During theAmerican Revolutionary War, Richmond was afflicted by numerousLoyalist raids. By 1790, the county had 5,885 residents, with 583 of them being slaves.[3]
Following the war, area farmers moved away from cattle switched to growing corn, oats, indigo, and cotton.[3][5] In 1837, the county's first textile mill, Richmond Manufacturing Company, was built. A growth in cotton production, concentrated in the western portion of the county, led the enslaved population to increase to the point where they made up half of local residents.[3] Around 1850 the largely unused Sandhills region in the eastern section of the county began to be exploited by thenaval stores industry, particularly for the harvest ofturpentine fromlongleaf pines.[7] Railway service was introduced in Richmond in 1861.[5]
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During theAmerican Civil War, Richmond County had troops serve in various units of theConfederate States Army, including the Pee Dee Guards, Scotch Boys, and the Harrington Light Artillery.[8] Federal troops under GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman entered Richmond County in March 1865. Confederate troops fled, and the federal forces sabotaged local industry before moving north.[9][4] The Richmond Manufacturing Company mill, having been burned, was rebuilt as the Great Falls Mill in 1869. That year rail service was extended to Rockingham. A second cotton mill was built in 1876 and rapidly followed by more textile plants.[8] Cotton production increased after the war and remained a significant crop in the county until the mid-1900s.[5] Farmers also began diversifying their crops, with tobacco and peach trees growing in popularity, with peach orchards being concentrated in theSandhills.[7]
By the late 1800s, Richmond County had a majority black population and tended to support theRepublican Party in elections, while the state of North Carolina was dominated by theDemocratic Party. In response to this, white Democrats built up a political base inLaurinburg.[10] During the state legislative elections of 1898, Democrats organized intensely in the area to unseat theFusionist coalition ofstate Republicans andPopulists, including the deployment of paramilitaryRed Shirts in Laurinburg to intimidate blacks and other opponents at the polls.[11] Democrats regained a majority in the General Assembly. In tribute to the efforts of Democrats in Laurinburg, on February 20, 1899, the assembly split off the town and the surrounding area from Richmond County and created the newScotland County,[12][13] which began operating as an effective unit of government in December the following year.[14]
At the turn of the century, Richmond County's economy revolved around agriculture and textile mills in Rockingham. In the early 1900s,Hamlet grew as a center for theSeaboard Air Line Railroad, which had five lines cross through the town. The railway created numerous jobs and, in conjunction with the establishment ofBlewett Falls Dam and its hydroelectric power, facilitated the expansion of the textile industry.[15] By the end ofWorld War II, Richmond County hosted ten textile mills which employed as many as 15,000 people.[16] Through the 1940s, most of the independent mills were acquired by larger outside corporations and many began producing non-cotton fabrics, facilitating a local decline in cotton production.[17] Seaboard established an $11 millionclassification yard, the first one in theSoutheastern United States, about one mile north of Hamlet in 1954.[18][19] In 1968 the county, Rockingham, and Hamlet school systems merged.[9]
Hamlet's economic situation came under strain beginning in the 1960s, as the railroad faced increasing competition from growing road networks,trucking, and air travel. Seaboard acquired smaller competitors and consolidated its operations, moving workers out of the area. It also froze wages, terminated some positions, and reduced passenger services, diminishing the number of outside visitors. Seaboard becameCSX Transportation in 1986.[20] Foreign competition and increasing automation led the county textile industry to cut jobs, and by the 1970s mills in Richmond only retained about 5,000 workers. Declines in textile employment continued through the 1980s and 1990s.[21] In 1986, the county's single largest manufacturing employer,Clark Equipment Company, closed its plant in Rockingham. Many of the remaining available manufacturing jobs requiredskilled labor which the county lacked.[9] The traditional railroad and manufacturing jobs were supplanted by menial service positions and work infood processing plants,[22] while local small businesses were displaced by national retail chains.[23]
In 1986, theSoutheast Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Compact voted to build alow-level radioactive waste disposal site in North Carolina.[24] In November 1989, Chem-Nuclear Systems, the contractor in charge of constructing the disposal facility, announced a prospective Richmond County site for the nuclear waste. Local residents promptly formed For Richmond County Environment (FORRCE) to lobby against the site.[25] The group attracted wide grassroots support across Richmond, including significant backing from both white and black communities and both of the county's major municipalities, Hamlet and Rockingham.[26] FORRCE conducted an oppositionpetition drive and obtained 26,756 signatures, over 60 percent of the county's total population.[25] Under significant political pressure, local officials denounced the site,[27] and 1,200 residents traveled toRaleigh to deliver the FORRCE petition to the governor.[28] In 1993, a state panel voted to move the site toWake County, but listed the Richmond location as its second choice.[29] The project was later abandoned under scrutiny from state regulators.[24]
On September 3, 1991,a fire broke at the Imperial Food Products plant in Hamlet. Many exits at the plant were locked in violation of fire codes, and 24 workers and one visiting delivery driver died in the conflagration. Emmett J. Roe, the plant owner, was sentenced to 19 years in prison for theinvoluntary manslaughter.[30] State authorities imposed a record fine upon the company for the violations and the incident brought negative national attention to the town.[31] National declines in textiles through the 1990s and into the early 2000s further strained the county's economy;[32] from 1993 to 2005, the county suffered nine textile mill closures and the loss of 1,730 mill jobs.[33] Unemployment rates worsened after theGreat Recession commenced in December 2007.[34]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 479.70 square miles (1,242.4 km2), of which 473.69 square miles (1,226.9 km2) is land and 6.01 square miles (15.6 km2) (1.25%) is water.[35] It is the 38th largest county in the state by land area.[36] It is bordered byMontgomery County,Moore County,Scotland County,Anson County,[6] andMarlboro County in South Carolina.[37] Richmond lies along theAtlantic Seaboard Fall Line and rests at the convergence of thePiedmont,Sandhills, andCoastal Plain physiographic regions, with the Piedmont making up most of the western part of the county and the Sandhills and Coastal Plain predominating in the center and east.[36] TheUwharrie Mountains extend along the county's western border.[38]
Nearly three-fourths of the county lies within theGreat Pee Dee River drainage basin, with the remainder mostly draining into Drowning Creek,[36] the headwaters of theLumber River.[39] The county hosts several lakes/reservoirs (likeBlewett Falls Lake)[40][41] and creeks.[1] Most of the county is forested.[42] Longleaf pine grows naturally in the area.[43][44] Significant amounts of longleaf pine forest are preserved in the SandhillsGame Land, over half of which is in Richmond County.[45] Pee Dee River Game Land is also partially located in the county.[46] Agricultural land in Richmond is home to many landbirds, includingloggerhead shrike andvesper sparrow.[42] ThePee Dee National Wildlife Refuge, which covers part of the county and includes grassland and swamps, hosts numerous migratory waterfowl andwhite-tailed deer.[47]
| Race | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 23,610 | 54.98% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 12,770 | 29.74% |
| Native American | 994 | 2.31% |
| Asian | 360 | 0.84% |
| Pacific Islander | 7 | 0.02% |
| Other/Mixed | 2,133 | 4.97% |
| Hispanic orLatino | 3,072 | 7.15% |
As of the2020 census, there were 42,946 people,[37] 18,380 households, and 11,783 families residing in the county.
Richmond County comprises the Rockingham, NCMicropolitan Statistical Area.[49]
At the2010 census,[50] there were 46,564 people, 17,873 households, and 12,582 families residing in the county. Thepopulation density was 98 people per square mile (38 people/km2). There were 19,886 housing units at an average density of 42 units per square mile (16 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 56.5%White, 31.70%Black orAfrican American, 0.60%Native American, 2.10%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 1.08% fromother races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 5.90% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 17,873 households, out of which 32.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.30% weremarried couples living together, 17.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.60% were non-families. 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.80% under the age of 18, 10.10% from 18 to 24, 27.70% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $28,830, and the median income for a family was $35,226. Males had a median income of $27,308 versus $20,453 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $14,485. About 15.90% of families and 19.60% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 18.90% of those age 65 or over.
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Between 2010 and 2022, the county lost about 3,900 residents.[58]
Richmond County is governed by a seven-memberboard of commissioners. The commissioners are electedat-large in four-year staggered terms beginning the first Monday of December following the November in which they were elected. The commissioners select one of their own to serve as chairman and another to serve as vice-chairman.[59] The board sets county policy, passes ordinances, and hires the county manager. The manager serves as the chief executive officer of the county government. They execute the commissioners' directives and represent the county in intergovernmental dealings.[60] The county government is funded by a local property tax.[61]
Richmond County is a member of theLumber River Council of Governments, a regional planning board representing five counties.[62] It is located inNorth Carolina's 9th and8th congressional districts,[63] theNorth Carolina Senate's29th district, and theNorth Carolina House of Representatives'52nd district.[64] TheUnited States Army operatesCamp Mackall, which partially lies within the county.[65]
Richmond County lies within the bounds of the 21st Prosecutorial District, the 16ASuperior Court District, and the 16ADistrict Court District.[66] County voters elect a sheriff.[67] Law enforcement is provided across the county by the sheriff's office, while the cities of Hamlet and Rockingham retain their own police departments.[68]
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1912 | 82 | 5.17% | 1,319 | 83.17% | 185 | 11.66% |
| 1916 | 650 | 29.51% | 1,553 | 70.49% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1920 | 1,124 | 25.17% | 3,341 | 74.83% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1924 | 599 | 18.50% | 2,475 | 76.46% | 163 | 5.04% |
| 1928 | 2,045 | 40.74% | 2,975 | 59.26% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1932 | 693 | 12.39% | 4,862 | 86.96% | 36 | 0.64% |
| 1936 | 607 | 8.30% | 6,709 | 91.70% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1940 | 779 | 10.66% | 6,530 | 89.34% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1944 | 938 | 14.81% | 5,394 | 85.19% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 866 | 14.24% | 4,376 | 71.95% | 840 | 13.81% |
| 1952 | 3,361 | 31.41% | 7,340 | 68.59% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 2,907 | 30.60% | 6,592 | 69.40% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 3,285 | 28.37% | 8,293 | 71.63% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1964 | 3,123 | 26.83% | 8,516 | 73.17% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 2,865 | 22.78% | 4,257 | 33.84% | 5,457 | 43.38% |
| 1972 | 5,692 | 60.84% | 3,508 | 37.49% | 156 | 1.67% |
| 1976 | 2,848 | 24.42% | 8,793 | 75.39% | 23 | 0.20% |
| 1980 | 3,911 | 33.69% | 7,416 | 63.88% | 282 | 2.43% |
| 1984 | 6,807 | 47.50% | 7,494 | 52.30% | 29 | 0.20% |
| 1988 | 5,073 | 41.39% | 7,151 | 58.34% | 33 | 0.27% |
| 1992 | 4,356 | 28.01% | 9,163 | 58.91% | 2,034 | 13.08% |
| 1996 | 3,973 | 31.04% | 7,564 | 59.09% | 1,264 | 9.87% |
| 2000 | 6,263 | 43.89% | 7,935 | 55.61% | 71 | 0.50% |
| 2004 | 7,709 | 47.75% | 8,383 | 51.92% | 53 | 0.33% |
| 2008 | 9,424 | 48.76% | 9,713 | 50.26% | 190 | 0.98% |
| 2012 | 9,332 | 48.06% | 9,904 | 51.01% | 181 | 0.93% |
| 2016 | 10,383 | 53.72% | 8,501 | 43.98% | 444 | 2.30% |
| 2020 | 11,830 | 56.98% | 8,754 | 42.16% | 179 | 0.86% |
| 2024 | 11,931 | 60.04% | 7,787 | 39.18% | 155 | 0.78% |
Richmond County was long politically dominated by Democrats.[70][71][34]R. W. Goodman, who served as sheriff of Richmond County from 1950 to 1994, was theboss of aconservative Democraticcourthouse machine. He held wide influence in determining who served in local government and represented the county in theNorth Carolina General Assembly.[72][73] During his tenure Democrats dominated local offices and the politics of the county was largely conservative.[74] A majority of the county electorate voted for Democratic U.S. presidential candidateBarack Obama in 2012, but Republican presidential candidateDonald Trump won by a 10 percent margin in 2016.[71] Following the 2020 elections, Republicans gained a majority of the seats on the county board of commissioners.[70] In 2022 Republicans won a majority of local elections in the county and gained control of all of the seats on the board of commissioners.[75][76] As of March 2022, Richmond County had 27,358 registered voters of whom 12,346 were Democrats and 6,925 were Republicans.[70]
Richmond County is classified as economically distressed by the North Carolina Department of Commerce.[77] In 2022, the county experienced some success in industrial recruitment as several manufacturers expanded their local workforces and operations.[78][58] According to the American Community Survey, from 2017 to 2021 the estimated median household income was $38,962.[57]
Richmond County is served byInterstate 73 andInterstate 74 (sections of both interstates remain incomplete or designated within the county).[79] The Rockingham Bypass, a part of both routes, is scheduled to be completed in 2025.[80] The county is served byU.S. Route 1,US 74 (Bus.),[81]US 220, as well asNorth Carolina Highway 38,[82]NC 73,[83]NC 109,[84]NC 177, andNC 381.[85] County government supports apublic transport bus service, the Area of Richmond Transportation.[79] Local rail service is provided byCSX Transportation,[86] which maintains several yards and other facilities in Hamlet.[79]Amtrak'sSilver Star passenger train has a stop inHamlet.[87] Airplane facilities are provided by theRichmond County Airport.[88][89]
Public education is provided by Richmond County Schools, which operates seven elementary schools, four middle schools, and four secondary schools.[90] As across the rest of the state, the county education system was heavilyimpacted by theCOVID-19 pandemic. For the 2021/2022 school year, of 9,085 tested students, 56.1 percent were deemed non-proficient with regards to state standards.[91] TheRichmond Community College, based in Hamlet, serves the county.[92] According to the 2021American Community Survey, an estimated 17.5 percent of county residents have attained a bachelor's degree or higher level of education.[37]
TheRockingham Speedway opened in 1965 and served as a regular venue forNASCAR racing events until 2004.[32] It was last used by NASCAR fortruck series racing in 2012 and 2013, and is currently undergoing refurbishment.[93] Anearby dragway remains in regular use.[32][94] Since 1982, Hamlet has hosted the Seaboard Festival, a community gathering including local vendors, running events, and music, designed to celebrate Hamlet's historical connections to the railroad.[95][96] The Raiders, the football team ofRichmond Senior High School, has long been popular among county residents.[97] The Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge is a popular regional destination for hunting and fishing.[47] Quail hunting has long been popular in Richmond County and in the larger Sandhills region.[98] Several area buildings and siteshave been listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[99]
Louis Breeden, cornerback, Cincinnati Bengals. ... Hamlet gave life to all four of these professional athletes and these native sons, in turn, have offered a sense of regeneration.
Geographic data related toRichmond County, North Carolina atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Richmond County, North Carolina | ||||||||||||||||
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Municipalities and communities ofRichmond County, North Carolina,United States | ||
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| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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