Richard Stoddert Ewell | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nicknames | Old Bald Head Baldy |
| Born | (1817-02-08)February 8, 1817 Georgetown, D.C., U.S. |
| Died | January 25, 1872(1872-01-25) (aged 54) Spring Hill, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Place of burial | |
| Allegiance |  United States of America Confederate States of America |
| Branch |  United States Army Confederate States Army |
| Service years | 1840–1861 (USA) 1861–1865 (CSA) |
| Rank |  Captain (USA)Lieutenant General (CSA) |
| Commands | Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia |
| Conflicts | |
| Relations | Benjamin S. Ewell (brother) Benjamin Stoddert (grandfather) |
Richard Stoddert Ewell (February 8, 1817 – January 25, 1872) was an American military officer and aConfederategeneral during theAmerican Civil War. He achieved fame as a senior commander underStonewall Jackson andRobert E. Lee and fought effectively through much of the war. Still, his legacy was clouded by controversies over his actions at theBattle of Gettysburg and theBattle of Spotsylvania Court House.
Ewell was born inGeorgetown,Washington, D.C. He was raised inPrince William County, Virginia, from the age of 3, at an estate nearManassas known as "Stony Lonesome."[1] He was the third son of Dr. Thomas and Elizabeth Stoddert Ewell; the grandson ofBenjamin Stoddert, the firstUnited States Secretary of the Navy; the grandson of Revolutionary WarColonel Jesse Ewell; and the brother ofBenjamin Stoddert Ewell.[2] He graduated from theUnited States Military Academy in 1840, thirteenth in his class of 43 cadets. His friends called him "Old Bald Head" or "Baldy." He was commissioned asecond lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Dragoons and was promoted tofirst lieutenant in 1845. From 1843 to 1845, he served withPhilip St. George Cooke andStephen Watts Kearny on escort duty along theSanta Fe andOregon Trails.[3] In theMexican–American War, serving underWinfield Scott, he was recognized and promoted tocaptain for his courage at theBattle of Contreras and theBattle of Churubusco. At Contreras, he conducted a nighttime reconnaissance with engineer Captain Robert E. Lee, his future commander.
Ewell served in theNew Mexico Territory for some time, exploring the newly acquiredGadsden Purchase with ColonelBenjamin Bonneville. He was wounded in a skirmish withApaches underCochise in 1859.[2] In 1860, while in command ofFort Buchanan, Arizona, illness compelled him to leave the West for Virginia to recuperate.[3] He described his condition as "very ill with vertigo, nausea, etc., and now am excessively debilitated[,] having occasional attacks of the ague."[4] Illnesses and injuries would cause difficulties for him throughout the upcoming Civil War.
As the nation moved towards war, Ewell had generally pro-Union sentiments.[3] Nevertheless, when his home state of Virginia declaredsecession, Ewell resigned from the U.S. Army on May 7, 1861, to join theProvisional Army of Virginia. He was appointed a colonel ofcavalry on May 9 and was the first officer of field grade wounded in the war at a May 31 skirmish atFairfax Court House where he was hit in the shoulder.[5] He was promoted tobrigadier general in theConfederate States Army on June 17. He commanded abrigade in the (Confederate)Army of the Potomac at theFirst Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). The brigade guarded fords downstream and did not see action in the battle.[6]
Hours after the battle, Ewell proposed toPresident of the Confederate States of AmericaJefferson Davis that for the Confederacy to win the war, enslaved people must be freed and join the ranks of the army; he was also willing to lead black soldiers into battle. But Davis considered that "impossible", and that topic never came up between him and Ewell again. Nevertheless, likePatrick Cleburne, Ewell was one of those few Confederate generals who believed the Confederacy needed all the soldiers it could get, regardless of race.[7]
In late July, Ewell was furious when he heard that his commanding officer,P. G. T. Beauregard, blamed him for not following orders at Bull Run (Manassas) when the orders did not reach him in time.[8]
Ewell inspired his men despite, not because of, his appearance. Historian Larry Tagg using GeneralRichard Taylor's description, described him:[9]
Rather short at 5 feet 8 inches, he had just a fringe of brown hair on an otherwise bald, bomb-shaped head. Bright, bulging eyes protruded above a prominent nose, creating an effect which many likened to a bird—an eagle, some said, or a woodcock—especially when he let his head droop toward one shoulder, as he often did, and uttered strange speeches in his shrill, twittering lisp. He had a habit of muttering odd remarks in the middle of normal conversation, such as "Now why do you suppose President Davis made me a major general anyway?" He could be spectacularly, blisteringly profane. He was so nervous and fidgety he could not sleep in a normal position, and spent nights curled around a camp stool. He had convinced himself that he had some mysterious internal "disease," and so subsisted almost entirely onfrumenty, a dish of hulled wheat boiled in milk and sweetened with sugar. A "compound of anomalies" was how one friend summed him up. He was the reigning eccentric of the Army of Northern Virginia, and his men, who knew at first hand his bravery and generosity of spirit, loved him all the more for it.
— Larry Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg
Ewell was promoted to major general and division command on January 24, 1862. When Joe Johnston's army pulled out of the Manassas area in March and went down to Richmond, Ewell's division was stationed around Culpeper. In May, he was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to reinforce "Stonewall" Jackson. Ewell moved west, crossing the Blue Ridge, and managed to locate Jackson's command after some difficulty. Although the two generals worked together well and were noted for their quixotic personal behavior, they had many stylistic differences. Jackson was stern and pious, whereas Ewell was witty and extremely profane. Jackson was flexible and intuitive on the battlefield, while Ewell, although brave and effective, required precise instructions to function effectively.[10] Ewell was initially resentful about Jackson's tendency to keep his subordinates uninformed about his tactical plans, but he eventually adjusted to Jackson's methods.
Ewell superbly commanded a division in Jackson's small army during the Valley Campaign, personally winning quite a few battles against the largerU.S. armies of Maj. Gens.Nathaniel P. Banks,John C. Frémont, andJames Shields at theBattle of Front Royal andFirst Battle of Winchester,Battle of Cross Keys, andBattle of Port Republic, respectively. Jackson's army was then recalled toRichmond to join Robert E. Lee in protecting the city against Maj. Gen.George B. McClellan'sArmy of the Potomac in thePeninsula Campaign. Ewell fought conspicuously atGaines' Mill and saw relatively light action atMalvern Hill. After Lee repelled the U.S. army in theSeven Days Battles, U.S. Maj. Gen.John Pope'sArmy of Virginia threatened to attack from the north, so Jackson was sent to intercept him. Ewell defeated Banks again at theBattle of Cedar Mountain on August 9, and, returning to the old Manassas battlefield, he led his division into action at Brawner's Farm on August 28. A Minie ball shattered Ewell's left leg, and he lay on the ground for several hours before being found and taken away. Ewell's leg was amputated, and was administered chloroform as an anesthetic.[11] Ewell faced a painful recovery lasting months. Although he received a wooden leg, the irregular shape of the leg stump made it difficult to fit it. Ewell slipped and fell in Richmond on Christmas Day, aggravating his injury further.
While recovering from his injury, Ewell was nursed by his first cousin, Lizinka Campbell Brown, a wealthy widow from theNashville area. Ewell had been attracted to Lizinka since his teenage years, and they had flirted with romance in 1861 and during the Valley Campaign, but now the close contact resulted in their wedding in Richmond on May 26, 1863.[12]
Ewell returned to Lee'sArmy of Northern Virginia after theBattle of Chancellorsville. After the mortal wounding of Jackson at that battle, on May 23, Ewell was promoted tolieutenant general and command of the Second Corps (now slightly smaller than Jackson's because units were detached to create a new Third Corps, under Lt. Gen.A. P. Hill, also one of Jackson's division commanders). Ewell was given a date of rank one day earlier than Hill's, so he became the third-highest-ranking general in the Army of Northern Virginia, after Lee andJames Longstreet.[13]
Ewell continued to have difficulty walking and needed crutches when not mounted on horseback. In the opening days of theGettysburg campaign, at theSecond Battle of Winchester, Ewell performed superbly, capturing the U.S. garrison of 4,000 men and 23 cannons. He escaped severe injury there when he was hit in the chest with a spent bullet (the second such incident in his career, after Gaines' Mill).[2] His corps took the lead in the invasion ofPennsylvania and almost reached the state capital ofHarrisburg before being recalled byLee to concentrate atGettysburg. These successes led to favorable comparisons withJackson.
However, during and after theBattle of Gettysburg, Ewell's military reputation began to decline. On July 1, 1863, Ewell's corps approached Gettysburg from the north and smashed the U.S.XI Corps and part of theI Corps, driving them back through the town and forcing them to take up defensive positions onCemetery Hill south of town. Lee had just arrived on the field and saw the importance of this position. He sent discretionary orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken "if practicable." HistorianJames M. McPherson wrote, "Had Jackson still lived, he undoubtedly would have found it practicable. But Ewell was not Jackson."[14] Ewell chose not to attempt the assault.
Ewell had several possible reasons for not attacking. The orders from Lee contained an innate contradiction. He was "to carry the hill occupied by the enemy, if he found it practicable, but to avoid a general engagement until the arrival of the other divisions of the army."[15] Lee also refused to provide assistance that Ewell requested from the corps of A. P. Hill. Ewell's men were fatigued from their lengthy marching and strenuous battle in the hot July afternoon. It would be difficult to reassemble them into battle formation and assault the hill through the narrow corridors afforded by the streets of Gettysburg. The fresh division under Maj. Gen.Edward "Allegheny" Johnson was arriving. Still, Ewell also received intelligence that heavy U.S. reinforcements were approaching from the east on the York Pike, potentially threatening his flank.[16] Ewell's normally aggressive subordinate, Maj. Gen.Jubal Early, concurred with his decision.
Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. Historians such as McPherson have speculated on how the more aggressive Stonewall Jackson would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate possession ofCulp's Hill or Cemetery Hill. Discretionary orders were customary for General Lee because Jackson andJames Longstreet, his other principal subordinate, usually reacted to them very well and could use their initiative to respond to conditions and achieve the desired results. Ewell's critics have noted that this failure of action on his part, whether justified or not, ultimately cost the Confederates the battle.[17] Other historians have noted that Lee, as the overall commanding general who issued discretionary orders to Ewell and then continued the battle for another two days, bears the final responsibility for the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg.[18]
When Ewell's corps attacked these positions on July 2 and 3, the U.S. army had had time to fully occupy the heights and build impregnable defenses, resulting in heavy Confederate losses. Postwar proponents of theLost Cause movement, particularly Jubal Early, but also Maj. Gen.Isaac R. Trimble, assigned to Ewell's staff during the battle, criticized him bitterly to deflect any blame for losing the battle on Robert E. Lee. Part of their argument was that the U.S. soldiers were demoralized by their defeat earlier in the day. Still, Ewell's men were also disorganized, and their decisions were far simpler to make in hindsight than in the heat of battle andfog of war.[19]
On July 3, Ewell was again wounded, but only in his wooden leg. He led his corps on an orderly retreat back to Virginia. By late November, Ewell took a leave of absence due to fever and continued problems with his leg. Within a month, he returned to command but struggled with his health and mobility. He was bruised in a fall from his horse in January 1864.
Ewell led his corps in the May 1864Battle of the Wilderness and performed well, enjoying a slight numerical superiority over the U.S. corps that attacked him. In theBattle of Spotsylvania Court House, Lee felt compelled to lead the defense of the "Mule Shoe" on May 12 personally because of Ewell's indecision and inaction. At one point, Ewell began hysterically berating some of his fleeing soldiers and beating them over the back with his sword. Lee reined him in, saying sharply, "General Ewell, you must restrain yourself; how can you expect to control these men when you have lost control of yourself? If you cannot repress your excitement, you had better retire." Ewell's behavior on this occasion undoubtedly was the source of a statement made by Lee to his secretary, William Allan, after the war that on May 12, he "found Ewell perfectly prostrated by the misfortune of the morning, and too much overwhelmed to be efficient."[20] In the final combat at Spotsylvania, on May 19, 1864, Ewell ordered an attack on the U.S. left flank at the Harris Farm, which had little effect beyond delaying Grant for a day, at the cost of 900 casualties, about one-sixth of his remaining force.[21]
Lee felt that Ewell was not in any shape for field command and decided to reassign him to the Richmond defenses. In April 1865, as Ewell and his troops were retreating, many fires in Richmond were started, although it is unclear by whose orders the fires were started.[22] Ewell blamed the plundering mobs of civilians for burning a tobacco warehouse, which was a significant source of the fire, but Nelson Lankford, the author ofRichmond Burning, wrote that "Ewell convinced few people that the great fire had nothing to do with his men or their deliberate demolition of the warehouses and bridges through military orders passed down the chain of command."[23] These fires created The GreatConflagration of Richmond, which left a third of the city destroyed, including all of the business district.[24] Ewell and his troops were then surrounded and captured atSailor's Creek. This was a few days before Lee's surrender atAppomattox Court House. Ewell told his captors that he had no idea what Lee was planning to do next, but the Confederacy was clearly doomed, and he hoped he would have the sense to surrender. He was held as aprisoner of war atFort Warren inBoston Harbor until July.
While imprisoned, Ewell organized a group of sixteen former generals also at Fort Warren, includingEdward "Allegheny" Johnson andJoseph B. Kershaw, and sent a letter toUlysses S. Grant about theassassination of Abraham Lincoln, for which they said no Southern man could feel anything other than "unqualified abhorrence and indignation" and insisting that the crime should not be connected to the southern states.[25]
After his parole, Ewell retired to work as a "gentleman farmer" on his wife's farm nearSpring Hill, Tennessee, which he helped to become profitable, and also leased a successful cotton plantation inMississippi. His leg stump had largely healed by the war's end and no longer seriously bothered him, but he continued to suffer fromneuralgia and other ailments. He doted on Lizinka's children and grandchildren. He was president of the Columbia Female Academy's board of trustees, a communicant at St. Peter's Episcopal Church inColumbia, and president of theMaury County Agricultural Society.[26] Ewell and his wife came down with pneumonia in January 1872 and died within a few days of each other.[27] They were buried inOld City Cemetery inNashville, Tennessee. He is the author ofThe Making of a Soldier, published posthumously in 1935.
Tim Scott portrayed Ewell in the 1993 filmGettysburg, based onMichael Shaara's novel,The Killer Angels. In that movie, Maj. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble meets with Robert E. Lee and tells him that Ewell had refused to take Cemetery Hill, giving the U.S. army a massive advantage, and that many men would die in the coming days because of that failure.
Ewell is the main character in the 1963 gospel filmRed Runs the River and is portrayed byBob Jones Jr. The film, directed byKatherine Stenholm, details Ewell's relationship with Stonewall Jackson and Ewell's conversion to Christ following his wound at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). It is an Unusual Films production from the Cinema Department ofBob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina.[28]Red Runs the River was the film the University Film Producers Association selected to represent the United States at the International Congress of Motion-Picture and Television Schools in Budapest, Hungary.[29]
