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Richard Breitman | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1947 (age 77–78) |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (PhD) |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, historian, author |
| Notable work | The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and The Final Solution FDR and the Jews |
Richard David Breitman (born 1947) is an Americanhistorian best known for his study ofThe Holocaust.[citation needed]
Richard Breitman is an American historian who has written extensively on modern German history, the Holocaust, American immigration and refugee policy, and intelligence during and afterWorld War 2. He has spent his career in the history department atAmerican University inWashington, D.C., from which he retired as distinguished professor emeritus in 2015. He has written or co-authored twelve books and served for twenty-five years as editor ofHolocaust and Genocide Studies, a scholarly journal owned by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Breitman was born in 1947, inConnecticut. His grandparents had emigrated to the U.S. fromOdessa andKrakow in 1905 and settled inHartford. His parents were American-born, his father, Saul, a businessman, his mother, Gloria (nee Salz) a homemaker. Breitman attended public schools inWest Hartford, and he credits an inspiring high school history teacher, Robert Derosier, with bringing European history to life for him.
Breitman graduated from Yale summa cum laude and earned both his M.A. and Ph.D. in modern European history atHarvard. His first book,German Socialism and Weimar Democracy (University of North Carolina Press, 1981), explored the tensions between socialist goals and democratic convictions in the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic.
Not long after, Breitman read an article by the historianWalter Laqueur that traced the story of an anonymous German industrialist who in 1942 brought to the West information aboutHitler’s planned use of gas chambers and crematoria to destroy European Jewry. This man’s identity had remained a mystery for decades. Breitman, after months of archival research, proved that he wasEduard Schulte, a prominent-but-secret anti-Nazi CEO of a large mining firm who traveled frequently betweenGermany andSwitzerland. Together, Breitman and Laqueur then wrote Schulte’s story that detailed the muted reactions to his warnings:Breaking the Silence: the German Who Exposed the Final Solution (Simon & Schuster, 1986; University Press of new England, 1991). Translated into several languages, it remains in print.
In 1994, Breitman requested that theNational Security Agency declassify its holdings of World War II intercepts and decodes of enemy radio messages. The NSA Historical Cryptographic Collection, amounting to some 1.3 million pages, was turned over to the U.S. National Archives. In this mass, Breitman found a small file ofBritish decodes of German police radio messages that revealed important information about the first stage of the Holocaust. Prodded by Parliament, the British government followed with its own, larger, declassification of German police decodes. Breitman mined both archives for his 1998 bookOfficial Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew (Hill & Wang). Still in print in a number of languages, it examines the relationships among German, British, and American policies toward European Jews.
Breitman then served as director of historical research for a small U.S. government body set up to oversee implementation of a 1998 declassification law called the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. This organization helped to declassify more than eight million pages of U.S. government records, and a team of four historians used them to writeU.S. Intelligence and the Nazis (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Breitman’s best-known books areThe Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), which made the case for Heinrich Himmler’s central planning of the Holocaust; and a work co-authored withAllan J. Lichtman,FDR and the Jews (Belknap-Harvard, 2013). In the latter, Breitman and Lichtman argued that Franklin Roosevelt’s policies toward European Jewry fluctuated substantially over time according to circumstances and political calculations and constraints, but that his record nonetheless compared well with that of Winston Churchill, and also with later presidents when they were confronted with genocide abroad. Both books won prizes.
In 2019,Public Affairs published a book by Breitman about a previously overlooked mid-level American consul and diplomat based in Berlin from 1930 to 1939,Raymond Geist. Despite his modest rank, Geist was superb at dealing with Nazi officials and for urging greater use of the U.S. immigration quota for Germany to help Jews escape from Nazi persecution. Geist personally provided a visa toAlbert Einstein (and his wife) and helped extractSigmund Freud fromVienna. In December 1938, Geist, who had a secret source high in the Gestapo, predicted the coming Holocaust. That he was secretly gay made Geist’s career and his achievements all the more remarkable.
In 1999, Breitman received an honorary doctorate fromHebrew Union College, and in 2018 he was given a Distinguished Achievement Award from theHolocaust Educational Foundation.
He and his wife, Carol Rose (nee Wax), live in the Washington, DC area where he continues to write.
