Richard Bong | |
|---|---|
 Major Bongc. 1945 | |
| Birth name | Richard Ira Bong |
| Nickname(s) | "Dick" Bong |
| Born | (1920-09-24)September 24, 1920 Superior, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | August 6, 1945(1945-08-06) (aged 24) North Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Buried | Poplar, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service |  United States Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1941–1945 |
| Rank |  Major |
| Unit | 49th Fighter Group |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star (2) Distinguished Flying Cross (7) Air Medal (15) |
Richard Ira "Dick"Bong (September 24, 1920 – August 6, 1945) was aUnited States Army Air Forces major andMedal of Honor recipient inWorld War II. He was one of the most decorated Americanfighter pilots and the country's topflying ace in the war, credited with shooting down 40 Japanese aircraft, all with theLockheed P-38 Lightning. He died in California while testing aLockheed P-80jet fighter shortly before the war ended. Bong was posthumously inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Fame in 1986 and has several commemorative monuments named in his honor around the world, including an airport, two bridges, a theater, a veterans historical center, a recreation area, a neighborhood terrace, and several avenues and streets, including the street leading to theNational Museum of the United States Air Force inDayton, Ohio.
Bong was born September 24, 1920, inSuperior, Wisconsin, the first of nine children born to Carl Bong, an immigrant fromSweden, and Dora Bryce, who was an American of Scottish-English descent.[1] Known by the common nickname "Dick", he grew up on a farm inPoplar, Wisconsin, where he became interested in aircraft at an early age while watching planes fly over the farm carrying mail for PresidentCalvin Coolidge'sSummer White House in Superior,[2] and was an avid model builder.
Bong entered Poplar High School in 1934, where he played the clarinet in the marching band and participated in baseball, basketball, and hockey. Because Poplar was a three-year school at the time, Bong transferred to Central High School in Superior for his senior year, graduating in 1938.[3]
He began studying at Superior State Teachers College (the current-dayUniversity of Wisconsin–Superior) in 1938. While there, Bong enrolled in theCivilian Pilot Training Program and also took private flying lessons. On May 29, 1941, he enlisted in theArmy Air CorpsAviation Cadet Program. One of his flight instructors was CaptainBarry Goldwater (latera U.S. Senator from Arizona).
Bong's ability as a fighter pilot was recognized while he was training in northern California. He was commissioned asecond lieutenant and awarded his pilot wings on January 19, 1942. His first assignment was as an instructor (gunnery) pilot at Luke Field, Arizona, from January to May 1942. His first operational assignment was on May 6 to the49th Fighter Squadron (FS),14th Fighter Group atHamilton Field,California, where he learned to fly the twin-engineLockheed P-38 Lightning.
On June 12, 1942, Bong flew very low ("buzzed") over a house in nearbySan Anselmo, the home of a pilot who had just been married. He was cited and temporarily grounded for breaking flying rules, along with three other P-38 pilots who had looped around theGolden Gate Bridge on the same day.[4] For looping the Golden Gate Bridge, flying at a low level downMarket Street in San Francisco, and blowing the clothes off of an Oakland woman's clothesline, Bong was reprimanded byGeneral George C. Kenney, commanding officer of theFourth Air Force, who told him, "If you didn't want to fly down Market Street, I wouldn't have you in my Air Force, but you are not to do it any more and I mean what I say." Kenney later wrote, "We needed kids like this lad." He also was made to do that woman's laundry or any other chore.[5]
In all subsequent accounts, Bong denied flying under the Golden Gate Bridge.[6] Nevertheless, Bong was still grounded when the rest of his group was sent without him to England in July 1942. Bong then transferred to another Hamilton Field unit,84th Fighter Squadron of the78th Fighter Group. From there, Bong was sent to theSouthwest Pacific Area.
Bong was then flown overseas as a passenger aboard a B-24 Liberator from Hawaii via Hickam Field to Australia. Upon arrival Bong was assigned to a newly formed P-38 fighter unit, the 17th Fighter Squadron (Provisional). By November 1942, Bong was transferred to the 49th Fighter Group (49th FG), 9th Fighter Squadron (9th FS). "The Flying Knights" were flying theP-40 Warhawk, and were famous for their aerial defense ofDarwin from March 1942 to August 1942. Afterward, the 9th Fighter Squadron was one of two units in the 5th Air Force selected for conversion to the P-38 Lightning. Bong was among a group of new pilots in the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA) with experience flying the new twin-engine fighter, and they helped these pilots convert from the P-40 Warhawk and P-39 Airacobra to the P-38 Lightning.
In November, while the squadron waited for delivery of the scarce P-38s, Bong and other 9th FS pilots were reassigned temporarily to fly missions and gain combat experience with the 39th Fighter Squadron,35th Fighter Group, based inPort Moresby,New Guinea. On December 27, Bong claimed his initial aerial victory, shooting down aMitsubishi A6M "Zero", and aNakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" over Buna (during theBattle of Buna-Gona).[7] For this action, Bong was awarded theSilver Star.
Bong rejoined the 9th FS, by then equipped with P-38s, in January 1943; the 49th FG was based atSchwimmer Field near Port Moresby. In April, he was promoted to first lieutenant.[8] On July 26, Bong claimed four Japanese fighters overLae, in an action that earned him theDistinguished Service Cross. In August, he was promoted to captain.[8]
While on leave to the United States the following November and December, Bong met Marjorie Vattendahl at a Superior State Teachers College homecoming event and began dating her.
After returning to the southwest Pacific in January 1944, he named his P-38Marge and adorned the nose with her photo.[9] In March another pilot was flying Bong's aircraft when it suffered engine failure and crashed in New Guinea, after the pilot, who survived, had bailed out. The approximate crash site is known, and the remains of the aircraft were to be searched for by the Richard I Bong Veterans Historical Center in Superior, Wisconsin and the WWII historical preservation group Pacific Wrecks in 2024.[10] On May 24 of that year, the groups released a statement in which they announced that the crash site had been found with wreckage bearing the serial number of Bong's aircraft.[11]
On April 12, Captain Bong shot down his 26th and 27th Japanese aircraft, surpassingEddie Rickenbacker's American record of 26 credited victories inWorld War I. Soon afterward, he was promoted to major by General Kenney and dispatched to the United States to seeGeneral "Hap" Arnold, who gave him a leave.[12][8]After visiting training bases and going on a 15-state bond promotion tour, Bong returned to New Guinea in September. He was assigned to theV Fighter Command staff as an advanced gunnery instructor, with permission to go on missions but not to seek combat.[12] Bong continued flying fromTacloban,Leyte, during thePhilippines campaign; by December 17, he had increased his air-to-air victory claims to 40.
Bong considered his gunnery accuracy to be poor, so he compensated by getting as close to his targets as possible to make sure he hit them. In some cases he flew through the debris of exploding enemy aircraft, and on one occasion collided with his target, which he claimed as a "probable" victory.
On the recommendation of General Kenney, theFar East Air Force commander, Bong received theMedal of Honor from GeneralDouglas MacArthur in a special ceremony in December 1944. Bong's Medal of Honor citation says that he flew combat missions despite his status as an instructor, which was one of his duties as standardization officer for V Fighter Command. His rank of major qualified him for a squadron command, but he always flew as a flight (four-plane) or element (two-plane) leader.
In January 1945, Kenney sent Bong, America'sace of aces home for good. Bong married Vattendahl on February 10, 1945.[13] He participated in numerous public relations activities, such as promoting the sale ofwar bonds.
Bong then became atest pilot assigned toLockheed's plant inBurbank, California, where he flewP-80 Shooting Starjet fighters at theLockheed Air Terminal. On August 6, 1945, he took off to perform the acceptance flight of P-80A 44-85048. It was his 12th flight in the P-80; he had a total of four hours and fifteen minutes of flight time in the jet.
The plane's primary fuel pump malfunctioned during takeoff. Bong did not switch to the auxiliary fuel pump, either forgetting or unable to do so.[14] Heejected, but was too low for his parachute to open. The plane crashed into a narrow field at Oxnard Street and Satsuma Avenue, North Hollywood. His death was front-page news across the country, sharing space with the first news of thebombing of Hiroshima.[15]
The I-16 auxiliary fuel pump had been added to P-80s after an earlier fatal crash. Captain Ray Crawford, a fellow P-80 test/acceptance flight pilot who flew on August 6, later said Bong had told him that he had forgotten to turn on the I-16 pump on an earlier flight.[16]
In his autobiography,Chuck Yeager writes that part of the culture of test flying at the time, due to its fearsome mortality rates, was anger toward pilots who died in test flights, to avoid being overcome by sorrow for lost comrades. Bong's brother Carl, who wrote his biography, questions whether Bong repeated the mistake so soon after mentioning it to another pilot. Carl's book –Dear Mom, So We Have a War (1991) – contains numerous reports and findings from the crash investigations.
In the mid-1950s, construction on a new USAF installation commenced south of Milwaukee that was to be namedRichard I. Bong Air Force Base. The base, intended to be anAir Defense Command fighter base for the Chicago and Milwaukee areas, was conceived in the early 1950s with construction commencing in the mid-1950s. Construction had barely begun when the base was transferred to theStrategic Air Command as a prospective base for the supersonicB-58 Hustler bomber. Prior to completion, the base was considered obsolete as it had become apparent to USAF officials that the base would be redundant with installations nearby that would soon have space for more units. The base was abandoned in 1959 and disposed of the following year.[17] Today, the former base site is known as theRichard Bong State Recreation Area.
It was planned that Spokane Air Force Base, Washington, was to be renamed Bong Air Force Base, until GeneralMuir Fairchild died on active duty in 1950, and it was namedFairchild Air Force Base instead.[18]
Bong is buried at Poplar Cemetery inPoplar, Wisconsin.
| Chronicle of aerial victories[19] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date[20] | #[20] | Location/Comment | Aircraft flown |
| December 27, 1942 | 2 | over Buna, 1 Val Dive Bomber & 1 Zero | P-38FLightning, Lockheed |
| January 7, 1943 | 2 | Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscars" over Lae | P-38F |
| January 8, 1943 | 1 | over Lae Harbor, ace status | P-38F |
| March 3, 1943 | 1 | Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" duringBattle of the Bismarck Sea | P-38G-5 |
| March 11, 1943 | 2 | "Zeroes" | P-38G-5 |
| March 29, 1943 | 1 | Reconnaissance plane,[21]Dinah Ki 46; promoted to 1st Lieutenant. OverBismark Sea | P-38G-5 |
| April 14, 1943 | 1 | bomber,Betty G4M, overMilne Bay. AwardedAir Medal. | P-38G-5 |
| June 12, 1943 | 1 | "Oscar" Ki-43,[19] overBena Bena | P-38G-5 |
| July 26, 1943 | 4 | fighters, on escort over Lae; awarded DSC | P-38G-5 |
| July 28, 1943 | 1 | "Oscar", on escort overNew Britain. | P-38G-5 |
| September 6, 1943 | 0 | claimed two bombers, not confirmed; crash-landed atMailinan airstrip | P-38(?) |
| October 2, 1943 | 1 | Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah", overGasmata | P-38H |
| October 29, 1943 | 2 | "Zeros", over Japanese airfield atRabaul | P-38H |
| November 5, 1943 | 2 | "Zeros", over enemy airfield at Rabaul | P-38H |
| December 1943 – January 1944: On leave in Wisconsin | |||
| February 1944: assigned to Fifth Air Force Fighter Command HQ, but allowed to "free-lance". | |||
| February 15, 1944 | 1 | Kawasaki Ki-61 "Tony" offCape Hoskins, New Britain | P-38(?) |
| February 28, 1944 | 0 | destroyed a Japanese transport plane on the runway atWewak, New Guinea | P-38(?) |
| March 3, 1944 | 2 | Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" bombers, overTadji, New Guinea | P-38(?) |
| April 3, 1944 | 1 | fighter overHollandia, 25th credit | P-38(?) |
| April 12, 1944 | 3 | surpassedEddie Rickenbacker's U.S. record of 26 kills | P-38(?) |
| May–July 1944: on leave in U.S., made publicity tours | |||
| October 10, 1944 | 2 | Nakajima J1N "Irving" and "Oscar" | P-38L-1 |
| October 27, 1944 | 1 | "Oscar" | P-38J |
| October 28, 1944 | 2 | "Oscars" offLeyte | P-38L-1 |
| November 10, 1944 | 1 | "Oscar" overOrmoc Bay | P-38L-1 |
| November 11, 1944 | 2 | Recommended for Medal of Honor. | P-38L-1 |
| December 7, 1944 | 2 | "Sally" andNakajima Ki-44 "Tojo", covering U.S. landings atOrmoc | P-38L-1 |
| December 15, 1944 | 1 | "Oscar" | P-38L-1 |
| December 17, 1944 | 1 | "Oscar" overMindoro. | P38L-1 |
Bong's military decorations and awards include:
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| United States Army Air Forces pilot badge | |||||||||||
| Medal of Honor | Distinguished Service Cross | ||||||||||
| Silver Star w/ one BronzeOak Leaf Cluster | Distinguished Flying Cross w/ one Silver Oak Leaf Cluster and one Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster | Air Medal w/ two Silver Oak Leaf Clusters and two Bronze Oak Leaf Clusters | |||||||||
| Air Medal w/ one Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster | American Defense Service Medal | American Campaign Medal | |||||||||
| Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ one3⁄16"silver star | World War II Victory Medal | Philippine Liberation Medal w/ one3⁄16"bronze star | |||||||||
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| Army Presidential Unit Citation w/ one bronzeoak leaf cluster | Philippine Presidential Unit Citation |
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty in the Southwest Pacific area from October 10, to November 15, 1944. Though assigned to duty as gunnery instructor and neither required nor expected to perform combat duty, Maj. Bong voluntarily and at his own urgent request engaged in repeated combat missions, including unusually hazardous sorties over Balikpapan, Borneo, and in the Leyte area of the Philippines. His aggressiveness and daring resulted in his shooting down 8 enemy airplanes during this period.[22]
The Richard I. Bong Veterans Historical Center in Superior, Wisconsin is housed in a structure intended to resemble an aircrafthangar, and contains a museum, a film screening room, and a P-38 Lightning restored to resemble Bong's plane.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| International | |
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