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Rhyacian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Second period of the Paleoproterozoic Era
Rhyacian
2300 – 2050Ma
A reconstruction of the Earth as it may have appeared in the early Rhyacian, c. 2.2 Ga.[citation needed]
Chronology
−2300 —
−2250 —
−2200 —
−2150 —
−2100 —
−2050 —
 
Events of the Rhyacian Period.
Vertical axis scale:Millions of years ago
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitPeriod
Stratigraphic unitSystem
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionDefined Chronometrically
Lower GSSA ratified1990[1]
Upper boundary definitionDefined Chronometrically
Upper GSSA ratified1990[1]

TheRhyacian Period (/rˈsiən/; from Ancient Greek ῥύαξ (rhúax) 'stream oflava') is the secondgeologic period in thePaleoproterozoicEra and lasted from 2300 Mya to 2050 Mya (million years ago).[2] Instead of being based onstratigraphy, these dates are definedchronometrically.[3]

TheBushveld Igneous Complex and some other similarintrusions[specify] formed during this period.[3]

TheHuronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian and lasted 100 million years. It lasted about 80% of this period.[4]

For the time interval from 2250 Ma to 2060 Ma, an alternative period based on stratigraphy rather than chronometry, named either theJatulian or theEukaryian, was suggested in the geological timescale review 2012 edited by Gradstein et al.,[5] but as of December 2024[update], this has not yet been officially adopted by theIUGS.[6] The term Jatulian is, however, used in the regional stratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic rocks ofFennoscandia.[7]

This is when theeukaryotes are thought to have originated from the symbiosis betweenasgardarchaea andalphaproteobacteria, as well as thesexual reproduction found within the eukaryotes only, thus the alternative name Eukaryian.[8][9][10] Macroscopic life is discovered to have started during the Rhyacian period.[11][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abPlumb, Kenneth A. (June 1991)."New Precambrian time scale".Episodes.14 (2):139–140.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005.eISSN 2586-1298.ISSN 0705-3797.LCCN 78646808.OCLC 4130038.Open access icon
  2. ^"Rhyacian Period".GeoWhen Database. Archived fromthe original on August 19, 2006. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2006.
  3. ^abJames G. Ogg (2004). "Status on Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale".Lethaia.37 (2):183–199.doi:10.1080/00241160410006492.
  4. ^Kopp; Kirschvink, JL; Hilburn, IA; Nash, CZ; et al. (August 2005)."The Paleoproterozoic Snowball: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis"(PDF).PNAS.102 (32):11131–6.Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K.doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102.PMC 1183582.PMID 16061801.
  5. ^Gradstein, F.M.; et al., eds. (2012).The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 361–365.ISBN 978-0-44-459390-0.
  6. ^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved13 October 2025.
  7. ^Bingen, B.; Solli, A.; Viola, G.; Torgersen, E.; Sandstad, J.S.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Røhr, T.S.; Ganerød, M.; Nasuti, A. (2015)."Geochronology of the Palaeoproterozoic Kautokeino Greenstone Belt, Finnmark, Norway: Tectonic implications in a Fennoscandia context"(PDF).Norwegian Journal of Geology.95:365–396.doi:10.17850/njg95-3-09.
  8. ^Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Irisarri, Iker; Williams, Tom A.; Burki, Fabien (2021)."A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids".Nature.12 (1): 1879.Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.1879S.doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z.PMC 7994803.PMID 33767194.
  9. ^Mänd, Kaarel; Lalonde, Stefan V.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Thoby, Marie; Paiste, Kärt; Kreitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Päärn; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Romashkin, Alexandr E.; Planavsky, Noah J.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (April 2020). "Palaeoproterozoic oxygenated oceans following the Lomagundi–Jatuli Event".Nature Geoscience.13 (4):302–306.Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..302M.doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0558-5.hdl:10037/19269.S2CID 212732729.
  10. ^Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "16: A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).The geologic time scale 2012 (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365.doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0.ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9.
  11. ^Chi Fru, Ernest; Aubineau, Jérémie; Bankole, Olabode; Ghnahalla, Mohamed; Tamehe, Landry Soh; El Albani, Abderrazak (August 2024)."Hydrothermal seawater eutrophication triggered local macrobiological experimentation in the 2100 Ma Paleoproterozoic Francevillian sub-basin".Precambrian Research.409 107453.doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107453.
  12. ^https://phys.org/news/2024-07-complex-life-earth-began-billion.html
Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)
Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)
Example of stratigraphic column
Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)
Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)
Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)
Permian(252–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)
Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)
Archean Eon(2.5–4 Ga)
Hadean Eon(4–4.6 Ga)
 
ka = kiloannum (thousand years ago);Ma = megaannum (million years ago);Ga = gigaannum (billion years ago).
See also:Geologic time scale  • iconGeology portal  • World portal
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