Revisionist Maximalism was a short-lived right-wing militant political ideology andJewish militant ideology[1] which was part of theBrit HaBirionim faction of theZionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM) created byAbba Ahimeir.[2][3]
The ideology and political faction of Revisionist Maximalism was officially created in 1930 by Abba Ahimeir, a Jewish historian, journalist, and politician. Abba Ahimier was born in Russia in 1897 and migrated toPalestine at the age of fifteen. After the end ofWorld War I, Ahimier entered theUniversity of Kiev in theRussian Empire, then traveled to Liege and Vienna to complete his academic studies. He then returned to Palestine and became close in contact with other socialist circles, and organizations. In 1928 Ahimier joinedZe'ev Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement and became one of the movement's important activists.[4]
He called for the Zionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM) to adopt the principles oftotalitarianism to create a"pure nationalism" amongst Jews.[5] Ahimeir was originally a member of theJewish Labour Movement who supported theOctober Revolution in Russia in 1917, and called for Jews to have their "own 1917" and spoke of the need for an October Revolution in Zionism.[6] However Ahimeir grew disillusioned with RussianBolshevism which he began to see as aRussian nationalist movement rather than a movement to promote internationalclass struggle.[6] Having become disillusioned with communism, Ahimeir grew nationalistic after theArab-Jewish violence occurred in theBritish Mandate of Palestine from 1928 to 1929.[6] Revisionist Maximalism rejectscommunism,humanism,internationalism,liberalism,pacifism andsocialism; condemned liberalZionists for only working for middle-class Jews rather than the Jewish nation as a whole.[2][6] After the rise of anti-Jewish violence in theBritish Mandate of Palestine one year prior, support for the Brit HaBirionim faction of the ZRM soared, Brit HaBirionim quickly became the largest faction within the ZRM in 1930.[7] In 1931 Jabotinsky, and members of the Revisionist movement launched an attack on the 17thZionist Congress, in order to forceChaim Weizmann to resign as president of theWorld Zionist Organization. Jabotinsky along with the other Revisionist Zionists, wanted to obtain all of Eretz Yisrael, (Land of Israel) and establish a Jewish state, and did not settle for a two state solution in Palestine.[8] Soon, Abba Ahimier, the poetUri Zvi Greenberg, andWolfgang von Weisl, the chairman of their Palestine central committee, became the ideological leaders of the Revisionists, after Jabotinsky was banned from returning to Palestine by the British authorities, due to his political activities.[4]
During the 1930s, Abba Ahimier Joshua Yevin, and Uri Zvi Grunberg began to establish their own newspaper,Hazit HaAm, and would publish the idea of "Jewish Labor" and emphasized that Jews should be self-reliant and economically independent.[4] In December 1932 Ahimier, along with Weisl, Gruenberg, and his supporters organized a strike-breaking "union" at the Froumine Biscuit Factory in Jerusalem by providing scabs. Then on February 27, 1933, the Maximalist tried to break a building strike inPetah Tikva, where dozens of strikers were arrested for battling the scabs.[9]
In 1930, Brit HaBirionim under Ahimeir's leadership publicly declared their desire to form a fascist state at the conference of the ZRM, saying:
It is not the masses whom we need ... but the minorities ... We want to educate people for the 'Great Day of God' (war or world revolution), so that they will be ready to follow the leader blindly into the greatest danger ... Not a party but anOrden, a group of private [people], devoting themselves and sacrificing themselves for the great goal. They are united in all, but their private lives and their livelihood are the matter of the Orden. Iron discipline; cult of the leader (on the model of the fascists); dictatorship. Abba Achimeir, 1930[10]
Ahimeir claimed that the Jewish people would outlast Arab rule in the region of Palestine, saying:
We fought the Egyptian Pharaoh, the Roman emperors, the Spanish Inquisition, the Russian tsars. They 'defeated' us. But where are they today? Can we not cope with a few despicable muftis or sheiks? ... For us, the forefathers, the prophets, the zealots were not mythological concepts... Abba Achimeir, 1930.[11]
Revisionist Maximalism and the Brit HaBirionim movement were fierce opponents of pacifism, while promotingmilitarism and demonstrated in 1932 againstNorman Bentwich's inaugural lecture on peace to which Ahimeir saying that "It is not a cathedral to international peace in the name of Bentwich that we need, but a military academy in the name ofZe'ev Jabotinsky" and said "we can defend the honour of Israel ... not by filling our bellies with lectures on peace ... but rather by learning the doctrine of Jabotinsky".[6] Brit HaBirionim demonstrators outside handed out leaflets declaring that peace studies were "the work of Satan" and were "an anti-Zionist measure, a stab in the back of Zionism.".
Ahimeir believed that his ideology would constitute a "neo-Revisionism" within the Zionist movement that he criticized, and advocated it at a meeting of theHatzohar movement in Vienna in 1932, saying:
Zionism is imbued with the ghetto and pronouncements. The path to Jewish sovereignty has to cross a bridge of steel, not a bridge of paper. ... I bring to you a new form of social organization, one that is free of principles and parties ... I bring you Neo-Revisionism.[12]
In 1932, Brit HaBirionim pressed the ZRM to adopt their policies which were titled the "Ten Commandments of Maximalism", which were made under "In the spirit of Complete Fascism", according to Stein Uglevik.[10] Moderate ZRM members refused to accept this and moderate ZRM memberYaacov Kahan pressured Brit HaBirionim to accept the democratic nature of the ZRM and not push for the party to adopt fascist dictatorial policies.[10]
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The Revisionist Maximalist borrowed principles from totalitarianism, fascism and inspiration fromJózef Piłsudski's Poland andBenito Mussolini's Italy.[1] Revisionist Maximalists strongly supported theItalian fascist regime ofBenito Mussolini and wanted the creation of a Jewish state based on fascist principles.[5] The Revisionist Maximalists became the largest faction in the ZRM in 1930 but collapsed in support in 1933 after Ahimeir's support for the assassination ofHaim Arlosoroff.[13]
The Maximalist goal was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment", as they wanted Jabotinsky's status to be elevated to a dictator,[14] and desired to force integrate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society.[15] The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine.[16]
The label of "fascist" has nevertheless to be regarded with reserves because in that period as later it was used often abusively in the disputes between opposed political non-fascist factions, as in the 1930s even theSocial Democrat parties were accused by Stalin and the communists of being "fascists" or "social-fascists". In the same way in Palestine Revisionist Zionists themselves were often qualified in the 1930s as "fascists" by the Labor Zionist leaders and the Revisionists attacked the social democratic dominated General Confederation of Labor (Histadrut) andBen Gurion by use of terms like "Red Swastika" and comparisons with fascism and Hitler.[17][18]
