Duchy of Amalfi Ducatus Amalphitanus | |||||||||
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| 958–1137 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
 Italy, and the Duchy of Amalfi (a small state in bright yellow), at the close of the tenth century. | |||||||||
| Status | Independent state | ||||||||
| Capital | Amalfi | ||||||||
| Common languages | Latin,Greek, andNeapolitan | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism,Judaism,Eastern Orthodox Church | ||||||||
| Government | Electiveduchy | ||||||||
| Duke | |||||||||
• 957–958 | Mastalus II(first) | ||||||||
• 1096–c.1100 | Marinus Sebastus(last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Duke elected | 958 | ||||||||
• Sacked byPisa | 1137 | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1131 | 70,000 | ||||||||
| Currency | Solidus Tarì | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Italy | ||||||||
TheDuchy of Amalfi (Latin:Ducatus Amalphitanus) or theRepublic of Amalfi was ade facto independent state centered on theSouthern Italian city ofAmalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries. The city and its territory were originally part of the largerducatus Neapolitanus, governed by apatrician, but it extracted itself fromByzantine vassalage and first elected aduke (ordoge) in 958.
During the 10th and 11th centuries Amalfi was estimated to have a population of 50,000–70,000 people.[1] It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominatedMediterranean andItalian trade in the ninth and tenth centuries, before being surpassed and superseded by the othermaritime republics ofthe North and theCentre:Pisa,Venice,Genoa,Ancona andGaeta. In 1073, Amalfi lost its independence, falling toNorman invasion and subsequently to Pisa in 1137.
The city of Amalfi was founded as a trading post in 339. Its first bishop was appointed in 596. In 838, the city was captured bySicard of Benevento with help from traitors within the city, who led him in through the waterward defenses. Many of the Amalfitans inSalerno sacked that city and left. In 839, Amalfi freed itself fromLombard domination and elected aprefect. NearbyAtrani participated in these early prefectural elections. Subsequently, Amalfi helped to freeSiconulf to oppose the rulingPrince of Benevento. In 897, the self-governing republic, still nominally tied to the Byzantine Empire, was defeated in a war withSorrento, supported byNaples, in which her prefect was captured, later ransomed. In 914, the prefectMastalus I was appointed firstjudge. In 903 the Amalfitans joined forces with Naples to attack the Arabs that had established themselves on the banks of theGarigliano river.[2] However the combined forces of Amalfi and the Naples were driven back by the Arabs and their allies, the Italian city state ofGaeta. In 915 Amalfi did not join theBattle of Garigliano to fight against the Arabs. This was most likely because since 909 Amalfi had been heavily trading with theFatimid Caliphate and did not want to jeopardize relations with this powerful trade partner.[2] In 958,Mastalus II was assassinated andSergius I was elected firstduke (ordoge). From 981 to 983, Amalfi ruled thePrincipality of Salerno. In 987, theAmalfitan bishopric was raised to archiepiscopal status.
From 1034, Amalfi came under the control of thePrincipality of Capua and, in 1039, that of Salerno. In 1073,Robert Guiscard conquered the city and took the titledux Amalfitanorum "duke of the Amalfitans". In 1096, Amalfi revolted, but this was put down in 1101. It revolted again in 1130 and was finally subdued in 1131, when theEmir John marched on Amalfi by land andGeorge of Antioch blockaded the town by sea and set up a base onCapri. In 1135 and 1137, Pisa sacked the city and the glory of Amalfi was past.
The Arab travellerIbn Hawqal, writing in 977 during the great reign ofManso I, described Amalfi as:
... la più prospera città di Longobardia, la più nobile, la più illustre per le sue condizioni, la più agiata ed opulenta. Il territorio di Amalfi confina con quello di Napoli; la quale è bella città, ma meno importante di Amalfi.
... the most prosperous Lombard city, the most noble, the most illustrious for its conditions, the most wealthy and opulent. The territory of Amalfi borders that of Naples; a beautiful city, but less important than Amalfi.
The title "Duke of Amalfi" was revived in the later 14th century as a title used within theKingdom of Naples.
After the Amalfitans broke free of Lombard control they did not return to Neapolitan control but instead stated their independence.[2] After 839 Amalfi was an independent entity and created a strong maritime presence. Amalfi had strong economic ties with both theByzantine Empire and theFatimid Caliphate.[3][page needed] The Amalfitans had a permanent and important presence inConstantinople during the 10th and 11th centuries. Amalfitans also created Latin Christian outposts in theLevant around 1040 and hostels for Christian pilgrims inJerusalem andAntioch.[3] During the 10th and 11th centuries Amalfi was dominating trade and commerce with North Africa and the Levant,[4] and one of the major exports from Amalfi during the Middle Ages was thechestnut.[5]
While the Duchy of Amalfi never regained its independence after 1137, the city of Amalfi was still important to maritime trade for the next 200 years, until 1343, when an earthquake and a storm destroyed most of its harbor.[1] The most important contribution Amalfi made during those 200 years was probably the perfection of the modern-day boxcompass. Between 1295 and 1302,Flavio Gioia converted the compass from a needle floating in water to what we use today, a round box with a compass card that rotates 360 degrees attached to a magnetic element.[1]
TheKnights Hospitaller, a Catholic military order that was active during and after theCrusades, was founded by Benedictine monks from Amalfi and used the duchy's eight-pointed cross as one of its symbols. It is believed that the symbol originated in the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century before being used in Amalfi. When the Knights Hospitaller moved to Malta in the 16th century it became known as theMaltese cross, and is still used today by theSovereign Military Order of Malta.[6]
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