| Renaissance Center | |
|---|---|
 | |
 GM Renaissance Center seen from Windsor in 2014 | |
 Interactive map of Renaissance Center | |
| General information | |
| Type | Hotel Commercial offices Retail |
| Architectural style | Modern Brutalist |
| Location | 100 Renaissance Center Detroit, Michigan 48243 United States |
| Coordinates | 42°19′44″N83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W /42.3289; -83.0397 |
| Construction started | 1973 |
| Completed | 1977; 48 years ago (1977) 1981; 44 years ago (1981) (towers 500–600) |
| Renovated | 2004 |
| Owner | General Motors (hotel, towers 100–400) |
| Management | CBRE Group |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 750 ft (230 m) |
| Roof | 727 ft (222 m) |
| Top floor | 697 ft (212 m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Diameter | 188 ft (57 m) (central tower) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 73 floors x 1 39 floors x 4 21 floors x 2 |
| Floor area | 5,552,000 sq ft (515,800 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | John Portman & Associates |
| Structural engineer | Morris E. Harrison & Associates |
| Main contractor | Tishman Construction |
| Renovating team | |
| Architects | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Gensler SmithGroup Ghafari Associates |
| Main contractor | Turner Construction |
| Other information | |
| Public transit access |  Renaissance Center DDOT 3, 9SMART FAST Michigan, WoodwardSMART 805, 851 |
| Website | |
| gmrencen | |
| References | |
| [1][2][3][4][5][6] | |
| Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
Interactive map of Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center | |
| Hotel chain | Marriott International |
| General information | |
| Location | 400 Renaissance Center Drive Detroit, Michigan,United States |
| Coordinates | 42°19′44″N83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W /42.3289; -83.0397 |
| Opening | 1977 |
| Owner | General Motors |
| Management | Marriott Hotels & Resorts |
| Height | 727 ft (222 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 73 |
| Floor area | Meeting space: 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 1,246 |
| Number of suites | 52 |
| Parking | Valet and self |
| Website | |
| www.marriott.com/dtwdt | |
| [3][7][4] | |
TheRenaissance Center, commonly known as theRenCen,[8] is a complex of seven connectedskyscrapers indowntown Detroit,Michigan, United States. Located on theDetroit International Riverfront, the RenCen is owned and used byGeneral Motors as its world headquarters. The complex includes a 73-storyMarriott hotel at its center,[a] surrounded by four 39-story office towers, connected by a large square podium containing public spaces, a conference center, retail stores, restaurants, and a company showroom.[9][10]
Developed as anurban renewal project in the 1970s, the Renaissance Center was envisioned as a "city-within-a-city," and was meant to anchor a wider redevelopment of thethen-declining city of Detroit. The project was developed and funded by a consortium led by theFord Motor Company, andJohn Portman served as its principal architect.[10] The five original towers were built in theModern architectural style and completed in 1977, with two matching towers added later in 1981.
General Motors purchased the Renaissance Center in 1996, and moved its global headquarters to the complex. An extensive renovation, completed in 2004, altered itsBrutalist interior, improved access to the center from downtown, and added a glass retail atrium and public plaza on the riverfront.[11][12][13]
A distinctive feature of Detroit's skyline, the RenCen is widely considered alandmark andcultural icon of the city.[8][14] With 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of usable space, it is one of theworld's largest commercial complexes, and the central tower has been thetallest building in Michigan since its completion in 1977.[5][15] At its completion, the Renaissance Center was the largest private development in the history of the United States,[16] and the central tower was theworld's tallest hotel.[17]
In recent years, the massive center has struggled with declining occupancy, particularly stemming from increasedremote work amid theCOVID-19 pandemic.[18][19] General Motors has announced plans to move its headquarters away from the Renaissance Center in 2025, leaving the future of the complex uncertain. Redevelopment of the RenCen is under consideration, and could include full or partial demolition.[8][20]
The idea was conceived byHenry Ford II, then-chairman of the Ford Motor Company. In 1970, to bring his idea to life, Ford teamed up with other business leaders to form the Detroit Renaissance. This was a private non-profit development organization which Ford headed in order to stimulate building activity and revitalize the economy ofDetroit.[21][22] Henry Ford II sold the concept of the RenCen to the City and community leaders. DetroitMayorRoman Gribbs touted the project asa complete rebuilding from bridge to bridge, referring to the area between theAmbassador Bridge, that connects Detroit toWindsor, Ontario, and the MacArthur Bridge, which connects the city withBelle Isle Park.[21]
The Detroit Renaissance announced the first phase of construction in 1971, receiving primary financing from theFord Motor Company. It soon became the world's largest private development with an anticipated 1971 cost of $500 million.[21] The principal architect wasJohn Portman, the architect behind theWestin Peachtree Plaza Hotel and thePeachtree Center inAtlanta; theEmbarcadero Center inSan Francisco; and theBonaventure Hotel inLos Angeles.
Thecity within a city arose. The first phase of Renaissance Center opened on July 1, 1976. For phase I, the facade of the first five towers was covered with 2,000,000 square feet (186,000 m2) of glass, and used about 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of concrete.[21] This did not include the additional glass used for the atriums.[9] It also cost $337 million to construct, employing 7,000 workers.[21] The heating and cooling systems for the buildings were housed in two-story concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue.[23] Other phases that included residences, additional office and retail space were never constructed.
When the Renaissance Center opened, thecylindrical central tower was originally theflagship of Westin Hotels. The top three floors of the hotel hosted an upscale restaurant, The Summit, that rotated to allow a 360degree view.[9] The shopping center in the podium originally housed high-end boutiques, but now contains a greater complement of restaurants in the retail mix.[21]
In 1977, managed byWestern International Hotels,[21] the central hotel tower of the Renaissance Center opened as the Detroit Plaza Hotel. It became the world's tallest all-hotel skyscraper[17] surpassing its architectural twin, the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta. Its opening ended thePenobscot Building's 49-year reign as the tallest building in Michigan. The hotel was later renamed The Westin Hotel Renaissance Center Detroit. In 1986, it was surpassed in height byThe Westin Stamford inSingapore. Since, the Renaissance Center's central tower has held the distinction as the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in theWestern Hemisphere.[17][24]
On April 15, 1977, Henry Ford II and Detroit mayorColeman Young unveiled a plaque commemorating the private investors whose funds made the project possible. Later that evening, 650 business and society leaders attended a benefit to celebrate the Renaissance Center's formal dedication. The money raised from the $300-per-couple tickets went to theDetroit Symphony Orchestra.
During the1980 Republican National Convention, hosted at nearbyJoe Louis Arena, presidential nomineeRonald Reagan and former PresidentGerald Ford both stayed at the Renaissance Center.[25][26]
In 1987, the elevatedDetroit People Mover transit line began operation with astop at the Renaissance Center.
In May 1996,General Motors purchased the complex.[27][28] GM moved its world headquarters from what is now the historicCadillac Place state office complex in theNew Center district,[29] to the Renaissance Center, in downtown Detroit. Meanwhile,Ford Motor Company maintained offices in one of the towers in the center.[30] Before the acquisition,Sibley's Shoes had its headquarters in the center.
In December 2001, General Motors unveiled theWintergarden retail atrium. Designed bySkidmore, Owings & Merrill, it rises 103 feet (31 m) tall at its highest point opening direct access to the International Riverfront. In addition, the atrium contains 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of retail space and 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of contiguous main floor exhibit space which was used by the media during Super Bowl XL.[15]
The $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center completed in 2003 has helped improve Detroit's economy.[11] Together, GM's renovation of the Renaissance Center and the Detroit Riverwalk exceeded $1 billion; the project constituted a substantial investment in downtown. More than 10,000 people (of whom 6,000 are GM employees) work in the complex.[31] Nearly 2,000 state workers now occupy GM's former office building, the restored Cadillac Place, in the historic New Center district.[29]
Architects' initial design for the Renaissance Center focused on creating secureinterior spaces, while its design later expanded and improved to connect with the exterior spaces and waterfront through a reconfigured interior, open glass entryways, and a winter garden.[10][32] By 2004, GM completed an extensive $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center.[11] This included a $100 million makeover for the hotel. Among GM's first actions was to remove the concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue. The renovation includes a lighted glass walkway which encircles the interior mezzanine for ease of navigation, while the addition of the winter garden provides riverfront access and a view of Canada. A coveredskyway over Jefferson Avenue connects to theMillender Center, Courtyard by Marriott - Downtown Detroit, andColeman A. Young Municipal Center.[11]
The Wintergarden added to the Renaissance Center faces the Riverfront and provides panoramic views of the Windsor skyline. The complex connects offices, the hotel, retail specialty shops, restaurants, a jazz club, and a movie theater. The theater has since closed and been converted to offices.[33] A pedestrian-friendly glass entryway has replaced the former concrete berms along Jefferson Avenue. The redevelopment provides theGM World display of vehicles, a restored hotel, a renovated rooftop restaurant, and the addition of GM's corporate logo to crown the top of the building. Construction of the lighted glass walkway facilitates ease of navigation encircling the interior mezzanine.Hines completed redevelopment of Towers 500 and 600 for GM in 2004.[15][34][35]
The Riverfront Promenade was dedicated on December 17, 2004, and helped to usher in a return to recreational uses along Detroit's International Riverfront. GM played a key role in the transformation of the east riverfront with a donation of $135 million to the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy for the development of a world class riverfront promenade planned at $559 million, which included $50 million from the Kresge foundation.[36] In 2011, the Detroit Wayne County Port Authority opened its new state of the art cruise ship dock and passenger terminal on Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center.[37][38] Port authority bonds financed another 1,500 space parking garage adjacent to the Renaissance Center. Further upriver, theRoberts Riverwalk Hotel faces the east riverfront. In addition to the gradual continuation of the riverfront promenade, other planned projects complementing the Renaissance Center continue along the International Riverfont which include development of luxury condominiums, a cruise ship passenger terminal, retail, and entertainment venues.[39]
In 2011, the Renaissance Center added colored LED lighting on the top of its towers (Towers 500 and 600 utilize traditional blue floodlights to illuminate their top floors). General Motors added a large illuminated LED corporate logo which also displays GM divisions. The animated logo and illuminated LED color bands around the towers can be used to support special events and may be seen from Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. The renovation of TCF Center convention and exhibit facility incorporates similar blue neon lighting along riverfront promenade.
In July 2010,Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan announced plans to lease 435,245 square feet (40,435.6 m2) of Tower 500 and Tower 600 and relocate 3,000 of its employees from its building in Southfield, Michigan.
In January 2015, General Motors announced its intent to renovate much of the complex to make it more inviting as a destination for visitors to Detroit.[40] That July, the complex was re-branded as "The GMRENCEN, and" Its logo was modernized and "Reflecting a New Detroit" was introduced as the new tagline. A photo-journalistic advertising campaign launched to "shine a spotlight on the people in Detroit who make remarkable contributions" to the city.
The Renaissance Center is owned by General Motors. The hotel in the central tower is now managed by theMarriott hotel chain and is called the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center. The 1,298-room hotel is one of the largest operated by Marriott. The rooftop restaurant (which previously had revolved) received a $10 million renovation and was operated by The Epicurean Groups's Coach Insignia and closed in 2017.[41]). It served Coach wines, a product of the Fisher family whose legacy includesFisher Body, a name which is part of GM history.[42]
The Renaissance Center's renovation provides for the prospect of continued development and restorations throughout the city. Architectural critics have touted the city's architecture as among North America's finest.[10][43]
In its first year of operation it generated over $1 billion in economic growth for the downtown.[9] Detroit Renaissance continued to interact with the city, by contributing to a variety of projects within the downtown area in the ensuing decades.
On April 15, 2024, GM announced its intention to move its headquarters from the Renaissance Center to the under-constructionHudson's Detroit in 2025.[44] GM publicly committed to redeveloping the RenCen, but their planned exit sparked public speculation that it could be demolished, a possibility which CEOMary Barra declined to rule out.[45] GM retained Bedrock Detroit, the real estate firm developing Hudson's Detroit, to consult on the redevelopment.[46]
GM and Bedrock revealed a conceptual plan for the RenCen's redevelopment in November 2024.[47][48] The plan calls for the demolition of two of the RenCen's office towers, 300 and 400, and most of the existing public and retail spaces at its base.[48] Under this plan, one of the remaining office towers would be converted to rental apartments; the central tower would remain a hotel, but its upper floors would also be converted to rental apartments.[14]
The two companies stated that they planned to provide the majority of the $1.6 billion required for the proposed redevelopment, but they expect $250 million in subsidies from the state of Michigan, and $100 million intax-increment financing from the Detroit Downtown Development Authority.[14][49][50] The companies' demand for taxpayer funding of the project was met with public opposition by many state lawmakers, includingMatt Hall, thespeaker-elect of the Michigan House of Representatives.[14] In response, General Motors later stated that if lawmakers did not provide taxpayer funding, they would demolish the entire RenCen at their own expense, a proposal described by theDetroit Free Press as "likely... the largest voluntary skyscraper demolition in world history."[20] Opponents of the demolition likened the proposal to "extortion."[20][51]
The Renaissance Center is a riverfront property located along the Detroit River. Approximately one-mile north of the center areComerica Park andFord Field, the respective venues for theDetroit Tigers andDetroit Lions. The US portal of theDetroit-Windsor Tunnel emerges adjacent to the western boundary of the Renaissance Center. The Renaissance Center is also a station on the Detroit People Mover.[22] Additionally a pedestrian skyway, over Jefferson Avenue, connects the complex to the Millender Center. Several blocks to the west of the Renaissance Center, along Jefferson Avenue, there are the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center,Hart Plaza,Huntington Place (formerly Cobo Center, home to events such as theNorth American International Auto Show andYoumacon) and theJoe Louis Arena (former home of theDetroit Red Wings). TheUniversity of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located just across Jefferson Avenue. The Renaissance Center'smodernistarchitecture balances the city's panoramic waterfrontskyline, a frequent feature in photography taken from Windsor, Ontario, across the river.[22] From the top of Renaissance Center's previous Coach Insignia restaurant (closed in 2017[41]), patrons were able to peer down upon the neo-gothic spires of theOne Detroit Center and the city'sFinancial District skyscrapers and stadiums. The view from the top extended for 30 miles (48 km) in all directions.
The Renaissance Center grounds constituteZIP code 48243.[52][53]
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The centerpiece is the 73-story 727-foot (221.5 m) luxury hotel with 1,246 rooms and 52 suites (1298 total guest rooms). Its height is measured from its main Wintergarden entrance on Atwater Street which faces the International Riverfront where the complex measures 14 feet (4.3 m) taller. Entirely owned by General Motors, the complex has 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of space.[5][31] The main Renaissance Center complex rises from a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site.[31] The complex is designed in the modern architectural style with glass as a main material.
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Famous for itscylindrical design, the central hotel tower'sdiameter is 188 feet (57 m).[31] A lighted glass walkway radiates themezzanine level and encircles the base of cylindrical hotel tower for ease of navigation. This ringed glass walkway is about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and has acircumference of approximately 660 feet (200 m) or about one-eighth of a mile around.[31] The ringed walkway's diameter is approximately 210 feet (64 m). It links to several other walkways in the complex. The five-story Wintergarden atrium leads into the central area which has an eight-story atrium lobby with roundedconcretebalconies and terraces. The Highlands is located on Floors 71 through 73, which includes a restaurant, scotch bar, and special events space.[54] The hotel has no floors labeled 7, 8, or 13. The hotel features a major conference center with 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of meeting space including a Renaissance Ballroom for up to 2,200 guests with 26,000 square feet (2,400 m2) for events, one of the largest in the United States.[9][10]
John Portman designed the five-buildingrosette withinterior spaces.[10] In 1977, its central tower opened as the tallest hotel in the world.[17] It remains the tallest all hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[17] The smaller cylinders on sides of all the towers house theelevators. The four surrounding 39-story office towers (100–400) each reach 522 feet (159 m) and have a total of 2,200,000 square feet (204,400 m2) of space.[15][31] Each 39-story tower has a base five-story podium structure with 165,000 square feet (15,300 m2) for retail space for a total of 660,000 square feet (61,000 m2).[15] A portion of the centralatrium area housesGM World, a showcase for GM vehicles. Two 21-story towers (500–600), designed by Portman and constructed in 1981, reach 339 feet (103 m). GM gained control of Towers 500 and 600 in 2001.[15] Tower 500 has 307,300 square feet (28,550 m2) of office space and an additional 14,485 square feet (1,350 m2) of retail space.[34] Tower 600 has 304,200 square feet (28,260 m2) of office space and an additional 35,730 square feet (3,320 m2) of retail space.[35]
Towers 100 and 200 front Jefferson Avenue. Towers 300 and 400 are on the main Wintergarden/Atwater Street entrance facing the Riverfront. The GM Renaissance Conference Center is located on the second floor of tower 300.[15]
The design is consistent with the themes ofBrutalist architecture, especially in the heavy massing of concrete on the lower floors, but the 2001 renovation has softened those features.
The "city within a city" concept was duplicated in the suburb ofSouthfield, when theSouthfield Town Center office complex - with five inter-connected golden skyscrapers and an overall area of 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2) - was constructed from 1975 to 1989. In the ensuing years, the Renaissance Center would face competition from the growing suburban office market.[9]
The redevelopment project included the work of many different architects including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ofChicago,SmithGroup of Detroit, and Ghafari Associates ofDearborn who did the renovation of the office towers. The majority of the construction operations were led by Turner Construction Company. The structural glass and steel for the Wintergarden, the entrance lobby as well as the mezzanine glass walkway were contributed by Mero. The cost of the renovation does not include the cost for reconfiguring the streets around the Renaissance Center or the cost of the park along the International Riverfront.
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| Building | Year | Stories | Height feet (m) | Area sq. feet (m2) | Principal tenant(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Tower | 1977 | 73 | 727 (221.5) | 1,812,000 (168,300) est. | |
| Tower 100 (Southwest) | 1977 | 39 | 522 (159) | 550,000 (51,100) |
|
| Tower 200 (Northwest) | 1977 | 39 | 522 (159) | 550,000 (51,100) |
|
| Tower 300 (Northeast) | 1977 | 39 | 522 (159) | 550,000 (51,100) |
|
| Tower 400 (Southeast) | 1977 | 39 | 522 (159) | 550,000 (51,100) | |
| Podium beneath Towers 100–400 | 1977 | 5 | 103 (31.39) | 660,000 (61,300) |
|
| Tower 500 (River East Center) | 1981 | 21 | 339 (103) | 320,000 (29,700) |
|
| Tower 600 (River East Center) | 1981 | 21 | 339 (103) | 340,000 (31,600) |
|
| Wintergarden & Restaurants | 2001 | 5 | 103 (31.39) | 150,000 (14,000) |
|
| Wintergarden atrium | 2001 | 5 | 103 (31.39) | 40,000 (3,700) | Main entry and exhibit space |
| Renaissance Center total | 5,552,000 (515,800) | Owner of complex: General Motors Property management firm: CBRE | |||
In June 2015 the Ren Cen 4 Theatres theater complex announced that it was closing.[59] With the end of Ren Cen 4, the city of Detroit has one first-run theater remaining, along with three independent theaters.[60]
In July 2007 portions of Asian Village, a development of restaurants in Suite 2653 in the GM Center (200 Renaissance Center) with Asian cuisine offered, opened. The center was designed to evoke street food stalls within East and Southeast Asia.[61]
Until 2024, the Renaissance Center was patrolled by the Renaissance Center Security Police, aprivate police force granted limited police powers by state law.[62][63] Most of its officers carried firearms and were empowered to make misdemeanor arrests on Renaissance Center property. Security Police officers were employed bySecuritas from 2001 to 2011,[64] when General Motors awarded a new contract toG4S for security services beginning in January 2012, and formed the Renaissance Center Management Company, a joint venture majority owned by G4S.[65]Allied Universal assumed these services, and the majority stake in the subsidiary, with their acquisition of G4S in 2021.[66]
In November 2023, a report was published revealing multiple lawsuits, complaints, and a whistleblower report accusing Security Police officers of racially profiling, harassing, assaulting, and illegally detainingBlack visitors, in numerous incidents dating back to 2011.[66] They alleged that officers had aradio code to indicate the presence of "undesirables," and deleted video evidence to conceal illegal activities.[67] Following these reports, theMichigan State Police opened an investigation into the officers' conduct.[68] General Motors directed Allied Universal to remove the accused officers from its properties, mandated that all officers undergoracial sensitivity andde-escalation training, and stated that it would reconsider its relationship with the company.[62] By December, GM revoked the officers' arrest authority, ordered them to stop carrying handcuffs, and reduced the number of armed officers.[69] Renaissance Center Management Company surrendered its private policing license in March 2024,[70] and the Security Police were replaced with standard Allied Universal security guards. In February 2025, General Motors hiredInter-Con Security to replace Allied as its security contractor for U.S. properties, including the RenCen.[71]
Given the RenCen's prominent position in Detroit's skyline, it appears in a myriad of media depicting the city. The following is an incomplete list of notable appearances in popular media.
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