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Religious intolerance orreligious bigotry isintolerance of another'sreligious beliefs, practices, faith or lack thereof.
Statements which are contrary to one's religious beliefs do not constitute intolerance. Religious intolerance, rather, occurs when a person or group (e.g., a society, a religious group, a non-religious group) specifically refuses to tolerate the religious convictions and practices of a religious group or individual.
The intolerance, and even the active persecution of religious minorities (sometimes religious majorities as in modernBahrain or the Pre-Dutch Indonesian kingdoms), has a long history. Almost all religions have historically faced and perpetrated persecution of other viewpoints.
The modern concept ofreligious tolerance developed out of theEuropean wars of religion, more specifically out of thePeace of Westphalia which ended the30 Years' War (1618–1648), during theProtestant Reformation and the ensuing conflicts betweenProtestants andCatholics in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The doctrine of 'religious toleration' was established as a result of the 30 Years' War between the CatholicHapsburgs and newly Protestant nations likeSweden underGustavus Adolphus. At this time, rulers sought to eradicate religious sentiments and dogmas from their politicaldemesnes. The 1648 Treaty gave nations the right of sovereignty and it also allowed minority Christian denominations to exist within theHoly Roman Empire.[1]
Theconstitutions of some countries contain provisions which expressly forbid the state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance and these same provisions also forbid the state from showing a preference for a particular religion within its own borders, examples of such provisions include theFirst Amendment to the United States Constitution, the Article 4 of theBasic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 44.2.1 of theConstitution of Ireland, Article 40 of theEstonian Constitution,[2] Article 24 of theConstitution of Turkey, Article 36 of theConstitution of the People's Republic of China,[3] and Article 3 Section 5 of theConstitution of the Philippines.[4]
Other states, whilst not containing constitutional provisions which are directly related to religion, nonetheless contain provisions which forbiddiscrimination on religious grounds (see, for example, Article 1 of theConstitution of France, article 15 of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and article 40 of theConstitution of Egypt). These constitutional provisions do not necessarily guarantee that all elements of the state remain free from religious intolerance at all times, and practice can vary widely from country to country.
Other countries, meanwhile, may allow for religious preference, for instance through the establishment of one or morestate religions, but not for religious intolerance.Finland, for example, has theEvangelical Lutheran Church of Finland andFinnish Orthodox Church as its official state religions, yet upholds the right of free expression of religion in article 11 ofits constitution.
InNazi Germany, smaller religious minorities such as theJehovah's Witnesses and theBaháʼí Faith were banned in Germany, while the eradication ofJudaism was attempted along with thegenocide of its adherents.
Hundreds of religious riots have been recorded, in every decade of independent India. In these riots, the victims have included many Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists. The US Commission on International Religious Freedom classified India as Tier-2 in persecuting religious minorities, the same as that of Iraq and Egypt. In a 2018 report,USCIRF chargedHindu nationalist groups for their campaign to "Saffronize" India through violence, intimidation, and harassment against non-Hindus.[5] Approximately one-third of state governments enforced anti-conversion and/or anti-cow slaughter[6] laws against non-Hindus, and mobs engaged in violence against Muslims whose families have been engaged in the dairy, leather, or beef trades for generations, and against Christians for proselytizing. "Cow protection" lynch mobs killed at least 10 victims in 2017.[7][8]
Some countries retain laws which forbid thedefamation of religious beliefs. Some constitutions retain laws which forbid all forms ofblasphemy (e.g.,Germany where, in 2006,Manfred van H. was convicted of blasphemy againstIslam).[9] The connection between intolerance and blasphemy laws is closest when the laws apply to only one religion. InPakistan blasphemy directed against either the tenets of theQur'an or the ProphetMuhammad is punishable by either life imprisonment or death.Apostasy, the rejection of one's old religion, is also criminalized in a number of countries, notablyAfghanistan withAbdul Rahman being the first to face thedeath penalty for converting toChristianity. Though, he was later released.[10]
TheUnited Nations upholds the right to freely express one's religious beliefs, as listed in theUN's charter, and additionally in articles 2 and 18 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 2 forbids discrimination based on religious grounds. Article 18 protects the freedom to change one's religion. As atreaty, not adeclaration, is legally binding, the signing of the human rights declaration is a public pledge of commitment.[11][clarification needed] Out of a desire to avoid subservience to an international court, the United States chose in 1998 to pass theInternational Religious Freedom Act, creating theCommission on International Religious Freedom, and mandating that the United States government take action against any country found to violate the religious freedoms outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[12]Human Rights Council in 2011 adopted Resolution 16/18 on "Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief"[13] which was hailed by stakeholders from all regions and faiths as a turning point in international efforts to confront religious intolerance.[14] TheEuropean Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on allEuropean Union states (following the passage of theHuman Rights Act 1998 in theUnited Kingdom), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.
In North Korea, The regime reportedly continues to repress the religious activities of unauthorized religious groups. North Korea is considered anatheist state,[15][16] where refugees, defectors andnon-governmental organizations (NGOs) continued to allege that they witnessed the arrests andexecution of members of undergroundChristian churches by the regime in prior years. Due to the country's inaccessibility and the inability to gain timely information, this activity remains difficult to verify.[17][18]
In its 2000 annual report on international religious freedom, theU.S. State Department cited China,Myanmar, Iran, Iraq andSudan for persecuting people for their religious faith and practices. The report, which covers July 1999 through June 2000, details U.S. policy toward countries where religious freedom is violated in the view of the State Department.[19]
Theadvocacy groupFreedom House produced a report entitled "Religious Freedom in the World" in 2000 which ranked countries according to their religious freedom. The countries receiving a score of 7, indicating those where religious freedom was least respected, wereTurkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia,Sudan,Myanmar andNorth Korea. China was given a score of 6 overall, howeverTibet was listed separately in the 7 category. Those countries receiving a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious freedom, wereEstonia,Finland,Ireland, theNetherlands,Norway and the United States.[20]
Within those countries that openly advocate religious tolerance there remain debates as to the limits of tolerance. Some individuals and religious groups, for example, retain beliefs or practices which involve acts contrary to established law, such as the use ofcannabis by members of theRastafari movement, the religious use of eagle feathers by non-Native Americans (contrary to theeagle feather law, 50 CFR 22), or thepractice of polygamy amongst the LDS Church in the 19th century.[21]
Religious freedom has developed partly due to the agreeable relationship between religious groups in its society. Several non-governmental organizations promoted tolerance and better understanding among religions in the country, both indigenous and non-indigenous. These groups included the Columbian Centre for Christian-Muslim Relations, theNational Council of Churches in Australia and its affiliated Aboriginal and Islander Commission, and theAustralian Council of Christians and Jews. In Victoria, Australia theRacial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 makes illegal "conduct that incites hatred against, serious contempt for, or revulsion or severe ridicule of, that other person or class of persons" on the grounds of religious belief.[22]
In 2003, in response to an increase inanti-Islamic sentiment, theHREOC undertook a project involving national consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim citizens. As part of the consultations, the commission considered whether Muslim citizens shared an ethnic origin or race, as well as a religion, which would entitle them to comprehensive protection under the Federal Race Discrimination Act. The commission's report, made public in June 2004, contained no findings on the racial status of Arab and Muslim citizens. In January 2005 the leader of the neo-NaziAustralian Nationalist Movement was connected to incidents in 2004 in which several Asian-owned businesses and a synagogue in Perth were firebombed or sprayed with racist graffiti. On December 11, 2005, there was a riot in the Sydney suburb of Cronulla, that erupted because a group of Lebanese-Australian youths had assaulted two lifeguards.[23] Demonstrators against the assault displayed anti-Arab and anti-Muslim slogans. When the gathering turned violent, bystanders perceived to be of Middle Eastern origin or Muslim were attacked. The following day, retaliatory vandalism and other assaults were reported around Sydney.[24]
North Korea is officially an atheist state in which almost the entire population is nonreligious.
Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.North Korea: International Religious Freedom Report 2007.
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