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Religion in the Philippines is predominated byChristianity,[1] with theCatholic Church being its largest denomination. Sizeable minorities adhering toIslam,Dharmic religions (Buddhism,Hinduism, andSikhism), andindigenous Philippine folk religions like Anitism are also present.
The country is officiallysecular and itsconstitution guaranteesfreedom of religion. Before the arrival ofSpanishmissionaries, the various ethnic groups residing in the territory of modern-dayPhilippines practiced a variety of faiths.
_for_the_traditional_Visita_Iglesia%2c_a_Holy_Week_practice_of_visiting_and_praying_in_at_least_seven_churches_(ASC_1272).jpg)
According to the 2020 census combining all Christian categories, 91.5% of the population is Christian;[2] 79% belong to theCatholic Church while 13% belong toProtestantism and other denominations such asIglesia ni Cristo,Seventh-day Adventist Church,Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,Philippine Independent Church,Jehovah's Witnesses,Apostolic Catholic Church,United Church of Christ in the Philippines,Members Church of God International, andPentecostals.
Indigenous Philippine folk religions (collectively referred to as Anitism or Bathalism), the traditional religion of Filipinos which predates Philippine Christianity and Islam, is practiced by an estimated 2% of the population,[3][4] made up of many indigenous peoples, tribal groups, and people who have reverted into traditional religions from Catholic/Christian or Islamic religions. These religions are oftensyncretized with Christianity and Islam.Buddhism is practiced by 0.04%[5] of the Philippine population by theJapanese-Filipino community,[6][4] and, together withTaoism andChinese folk religion, is also dominant in Chinese communities. There are also smaller number of followers ofSikhism,Hinduism as well.[3][4][7][8][9]Irreligion in the Philippines is very low,[10][11] with 0.04% of the Philippine population self-reporting in 2020 as having no religion.[5]
According to the 2015 census,Evangelicals comprised 2% of the population. It is particularly strong among American and Korean communities, Northern Luzon especially inCordillera Administrative Region,Southern Mindanao[12] and many other tribal groups in the Philippines.[citation needed] Protestants both mainline and evangelical have gained significant annual growth rate up to 10% since 1910 to 2015.[13]
About 6.4% of the population of the Philippines isMuslim as of 2020,[5] makingIslam the second largest religion in the country. The majority of Muslims live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known asBangsamoro or theMoro region.[14] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the country, and are highly visible in and aroundMetro Manila (especially in the 'Muslim Town' district ofQuiapo inManila,Baclaran inParañaque, parts ofLas Piñas, and Maharlika inPasig),Metro Cebu,Baguio and theCalabarzon region (notably in urbanized towns and cities inCavite,Laguna, andBatangas).[citation needed] Most Muslim Filipinos practiceSunni Islam according to theShafi'i school.[15] There are someAhmadiyya Muslims in the country.[16]
Freedom of religion in the Philippines is guaranteed by the Constitution under Section 5 of Article III (Bill of Rights), which states that "No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights".[17] In 2024,Freedom House gave the country a 4 out of 4 score forreligious freedom.[18]
| Religious majority according to the2020 Census | |
| Christians: | Muslims: |
|---|---|
above 50% | above 50% |
above 70% | above 70% |
above 85% | above 85% |
above 95% | above 95% |
ThePhilippine Statistics Authority reported in February 2023 that, based on the 2020 census, 78.81% of the total Filipino population wereCatholics, 10.8%–11% wereProtestants and 6.42% wereMuslims.[5]
| Affiliation | Number | Percentage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catholic[a] | 85,645,362 | 78.8% | ||
| Islam | 6,981,710 | 6.4% | ||
| Evangelical (PCEC-affiliated and other Evangelicals)[b] | 4,997,669 | 4.6% | ||
| Protestant (NCCP-affiliated and other Protestants)[c] | 2,953,697 | 2.7% | ||
| Iglesia ni Cristo | 2,806,524 | 2.6% | ||
| Seventh-day Adventist | 862,725 | 0.8% | ||
| Jehovah's Witnesses | 457,245 | 0.4% | ||
| Church of Christ | 429,921 | 0.4% | ||
| Jesus is Lord Church | 333,506 | 0.3% | ||
| Other religious affiliations (including smaller churches with no affiliations) | 3,065,471 | 2.8% | ||
| None | 43,931 | 0% | ||
| Not reported | 15,186 | 0% | ||
| Total | 108,667,043 | 100% | ||
| Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[5] | ||||
Christianity arrived in the Philippines with the landing ofFerdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1543, Spanish explorerRuy López de Villalobos named the archipelagoLas Islas Filipinas in honor ofPhilip II of Spain, who was thenPrince of Girona andof Asturias under his father,Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who, as Charles I, was alsoKing of Spain. Missionary activity during the country's colonial ruleby Spain andthe United States led the transformation of the Philippines into the first and then, along withEast Timor, one of two predominantly Catholic nations in East Asia, with approximately 88.66% of the population belonging to the Christian faith.[3][21]
Catholicism (Filipino:Katolisismo;Spanish:Catolicismo) is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination in the Philippines comprising 78.8% of the population (or 85,645,362 million adherents)[a] in 2020.[5] It served as the country'sstate religion over most of the archipelago during theSpanish colonial period,[22] under the Spanish Constitution of 1876.[23] Spanish efforts to convert many on the islands were aided by the lack of a significant central authority, and by friars who learnt local languages to preach. Some traditional animistic practicesblended with the new faith.[24] Catholicism's status as state religion continued under the short-livedMalolos Republic. TheAmerican colonial government established a policy ofseparation of church and state, eventually ending prospects of establishing a state religion in the Philippines.[23]
TheCatholic Church has great influence on Philippine society and politics. It was instrumental in rallying public support for the bloodlessPeople Power Revolution of 1986. Then-Archbishop of Manila andde facto Primate of the Philippines, CardinalJaime Sin appealed to the public via radio to congregate alongEpifanio de los Santos Avenue in support of rebel forces againstthe dictatorship ofPresidentFerdinand E. Marcos. Some seven million people responded to the call between February 22–25, and the non-violent protests successfully forced Marcos andhis family out of power and into exile inHawaii.[25]
Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these areChristmas, which includes celebrations of the civil New Year, and the more solemnHoly Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrateAll Saints' Day andAll Souls' Day as a single holiday in honour of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting.[26] As of 2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.[27]
The Philippine Independent Church (officially inPhilippineSpanish:Iglesia Filipina Independiente, IFI; colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination in the form of anationalistchurch in the Philippines. Itsrevolutionary nationalistschism from the Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of theUnión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the mistreatment towards the Filipinos by Spanish priests and partly influenced by the execution of nationalistJosé Rizal under Spanish colonial rule.
Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former Catholic priestGregorio Aglipay be the head of the church. It is also known as the "Aglipayan Church" after its firstObispo Maximo, Gregorio Aglipay.
Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession solely to thePetrine Papacy, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, thetolerance to join Freemasonry groups, and the advocacy of contraception and same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonised by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognised by the Aglipayan church and its members, but they recognise the popes that have beenuniversally canonised as saints before the schism.
In2020, the Philippine Independent Church had around 1,458,992 adherents (1.4% of the Philippine population).[5] Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. With the exception of theUnitarian Iglesia ni Cristo, the church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population). It has 48 dioceses plus the 2 dioceses outside the Philippines such as the Diocese of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese of Western USA, Western Canada, and the Pacific Islands. It has Fellowship congregations in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion with theAnglican Churches andThe Episcopal Church.[28][29][30]
(2018-02-07).jpg)
Iglesia ni Cristo (English:Church of Christ;Spanish:Iglesia de Cristo) is the largest entirely locally initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 2.6% of religious affiliation in the country.[31][32][33][34][35]Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914[36] and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76.
The Iglesia ni Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event.[37] Other programs includes theLingap sa Mamamayan (Aid to Humanity),[38] TheKabayan Ko Kapatid Ko (My Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.[39] The church has been embroiled in corruption scandals, as well asallegations of illegal detentions in 2015, leading towidespread protests.[40][41][42] Issues about the idolization of the group's founder and the church establishment over the Bible have also surfaced, as well as the outcasting of members who question the leaders of the church.[43]
TheJehovah’s Witnesses or Saksi ni Jehova is arestorationist organization with its origins from Pennsylvania, USA by theInternational Bible Students Association. Jehovah’s Witnesses are well known in the Philippines for their door-to-door ministry, public witnessing campaigns, free magazines known as “Awake!” and “the Watchtower” translated into local languages like Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Iloko, and Tagalog, and other literatures like theNew World Translation Bible.
Jehovah’s Witnesses deny the doctrine of theTrinity and believe that God’s name isJehovah. Jehovah’s Witnesses put Jesus Christ in a high regard as the Son of God and leader of their organization, but falls short in considering him equal to Jehovah. They are known for rejecting the doctrine of theeternal hellfire, theimmortal soul[44], the belief that Jesus was born on Christmas[45], and their refusal to participate in Nationalistic ceremonies and having blood transfusions. In 2020, the religion had 457,245 members.
TheSeventh-day Adventist Church (Filipino:Simbahan ng Ikapitong-araw na Adbentista;Spanish:Iglesia Adventista del Septimo Dia) is the fourth largest Christian denomination and fifth largest religious affiliation in the Philippines, behindPhilippine Independent Church orAglipay.[46] The church was established in the Philippines in 1905. Robert Caldwell, a literature evangelist missionary, arrived in Manila on August 24 of that year and pioneered the literature ministry by selling books in the language people understand – Spanish. People bought books and spread the word to their friends. In 1906, the Philippine Mission was organized under the Asiatic Division with headquarters located in Shanghai, China.[47]
The Seventh-day Adventist Church, co-founded byEllen G. White, is best known for its teaching that Saturday, the seventh day of the week, is theSabbath, and that thesecond advent of Christ is imminent. Colloquially calledSabadístas by outsiders, Filipino Adventists numbered 862,725 as of 2020 with an annual membership growth rate of 5.6%.[needs update][48] As of 2022, the Seventh-day Adventist Church has 5,358 churches in the Philippines.[49] Numerous primary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities—notably, theAdventist University of the Philippines andAdventist International Institute of Advance Studies–were established to provide education to students as well as to assist in preaching and evangelization of the church in different parts of the country.[50]
The Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines which believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs, wonders, miracles and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.[51][52]
Members Church of God International (MCGI,Filipino:Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal) is a religious organization popularly known through its Filipino television program,Ang Dating Daan (English Program "The Old Path"; in SpanishEl Camino Antiguo; in PortugueseO Caminho Antigo). MCGI are one of the Christian majority in the Philippines with more than a million members internationally.
The church is known for their "Bible Expositions", where guests and members are given a chance to ask any biblical question to the "Overall Servant"Eliseo Soriano. He and his associates refute teachings of asked religions which are, according to Soriano, "not biblical" and discuss controversial passages. Besides general preaching, they also established charity works. Among these humanitarian services are The Legacy Continues Wish granting activity, MCGI Free Store, Free Meal and Free Potable Water; charity homes for the senior citizens and orphaned children and teenagers; transient homes; medical missions; full college scholarship; start-up capital for livelihood projects; vocational training for the differently-abled; free legal assistance; free bus, jeepney, and train rides for commuters and senior citizens, and; free Bibles for everyone. MCGI is now one of the major blood donor in the Philippines, as acknowledged and awarded by the Philippine National Red Cross' Jose Rizal Award, the highest honor given by PNRC.[53]
The Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (Filipino:Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus),[54][55] is an independentChristian denomination officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The church claims to restore the visible church founded inJerusalem by Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas includingCalifornia,Calgary,Dubai, and other Asian countries. According to the 2020 census, the church had 9,585 members in the Philippines.[56]
The church was founded by Bishop Teofilo D. Ora in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicolas Perez, split off from theIglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) in 1921. They initially called their churchIglesia Verdadera de Cristo Hesus (True Church of Christ Jesus). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicolas Perez split off from the group and registered an offshoot calledIglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan (Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador C. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop Gamaliel T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003–present). It was during Gamaliel Payawal's tenure when the church was renamed asMost Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus.
Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC;Filipino:Apostolika't Katolikang Simbahan) is anIndependent Catholic denomination established in 1992 byJohn Florentine L. Teruel. The church started as a mainstreamCatholic lay organization that was founded inHermosa, Bataan in the early 1970s by Maria Virginia P. Leonzon Vda. De Teruel.[57] In 1991 the organisation and the Catholic Church had aschism; due to varying issues, it formally separated itself from the Catholic Church, when John Florentine Teruel was consecrated as a patriarch and registered the church as a Protestant and Independent Catholic denomination.[58]
As of 2020[update], the Apostolic Catholic Church has 54,543 members in the Philippines.[56] TheNational Council of Churches in the Philippines reports that the Apostolic Catholic Church has more than 5 million members worldwide.[59] The largest international congregations are in Japan, United States and Canada.[citation needed]
Orthodoxy has been continuously present in the Philippines for more than 200 years.[60] It is represented by two groups, by theExarchate of the Philippines (a jurisdiction of theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople governed by theOrthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia), and by theAntiochian Orthodox Christian Mission in the Philippines (a jurisdiction of theAntiochian Orthodox Church governed by theAntiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania). In 1999, it was asserted that there were about 560 Orthodox church members in the Philippines.[61]
Protestantism arrived in the Philippines with the take-over of the islands by Americans at the turn of the 20th century. In 1898, Spain lost the Philippines to the United States. After a bitter fight for independence against its new occupiers, Filipinos surrendered and were again colonized. The arrival of Protestant American missionaries soon followed. As of 2015[update], Protestants comprised about 10%-15% of the population, with an annual growth rate of 10% since 1910[62] and constitute the largest Christian grouping afterCatholicism.Protestants were 10.8% of the population in 2010.[63] Protestant church organizations established in the Philippines during the 20th century include the following:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Two men fromUtah who were members of the United States artillery battery, and who were alsoset apart as missionaries by the Church before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the Philippines.[66] In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership according to the church was 805,209 in 2019;[67] the 2020 census counted 175,004.[1] A temple was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City in 2010. By 2019, four more LDS temples had been announced, they are planned to be built in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.[68]As of 2024, a total of 10 temples were either operating, under construction, or announced within the country.[69]
Islam reached the Philippines in the 14th century with the arrival ofMuslim traders from the Persian Gulf, Southern India, and their followers from severalsultanate governments inMaritime Southeast Asia. Islam's predominance reached all the way to the shores ofManila Bay, home to several Muslim kingdoms. During the Spanish conquest, Islam had a rapid decline as the predominant monotheistic faith in the Philippines as a result of the introduction of Christianity by Spanish missionaries and via theSpanish Inquisition.[74] Thesouthern Filipino tribes were among the few indigenous Filipino communities that resisted Spanish rule and conversions to Christianity. The vast majority ofMuslims in Philippines followSunni Islam ofShafi andAsh'ari school ofjurisprudence andTheology, with smallShia andAhmadiyya minorities.[16] Islam is the oldest recordedmonotheistic religion in the Philippines.
According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority, theMuslim population of the Philippines in 2020 was 6.98 million (6.4%).[5] Another 2012 study by theNational Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) estimated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the total population.[75][76] Some Muslim scholars have observed that difficulties in getting accurate numbers have been compounded in some Muslim areas by the hostility of the inhabitants to government personnel, leading to difficulty in getting accurate data for the Muslim population in the country.[77] The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands.[78]
TheBaháʼí Faith in the Philippines started in 1921 with the first Baháʼí first visiting the Philippines that year,[79] and by 1944 a BaháʼíLocal Spiritual Assembly was established.[80] In the early 1960s, during a period of accelerated growth, the community grew from 200 in 1960 to 1000 by 1962 and 2000 by 1963. In 1964 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the Philippines was elected and by 1980 there were 64,000 Baháʼís and 45 local assemblies.[81] The Baháʼís have been active in multi/inter-faith developments. The 2010World Christian Encyclopedia estimates the Philippines has the world's sixth largest population of Baháʼís, at just over 275,000.[82]
In the 1590s someJews fleeing from theInquisition were recorded to have come to the Philippines.[83] In 2006,Metro Manila had the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consisted of roughly 100 families.[83] As of 2018[update], the Jewish population comprised between 100 and 300 individuals, depending on one'sdefinition of "Jew".[84]
The country's only synagogue,Beth Yaacov, is located inMakati.[83] There are other Jews elsewhere in the country,[83] but these are much fewer and almost all transients,[85] eitherdiplomats or business envoys, and their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a fewIsraelis in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel, some work in call centers, entrepreneurs, and a few other executives.
No written records exist about the early Buddhism in the Philippines. However, archaeological discoveries and the few scant references in the other nations' historical records can tell about the existence of Buddhism from the 9th century onward in the islands. These records mention the independent states that comprise the Philippines and which show that they were not united as one country in the early days. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence.[citation needed]
Loanwords with Buddhist context appear inlanguages of the Philippines.[86][87] Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts.[88][89] The style are ofVajrayana influence.[90][91]The Philippines's early states must have become the tributary states of the powerful Buddhist Srivijaya empire that controlled the trade and its sea routes from the 6th century to the 13th century in Southeast Asia. The states's trade contacts with the empire long before or in the 9th century must have served as the conduit for introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands.
Both Srivijaya empire in Sumatra and Majapahit empire in Java were unknown in history until 1918 when the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient's George Coedes postulated their existence because they had been mentioned in the records of the Chinese Tang and Sung imperial dynasties. Ji Ying, a Chinese monk and scholar, stayed in Sumatra from 687 to 689 on his way to India. He wrote on the Srivijaya's splendour, "Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. Many of the kings and the chieftains in the islands in the southern seas admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good action."
Both empires replaced their early Theravada Buddhist religion with Vajrayana Buddhism in the 7th century.[92]
According to the2020 Census, there were 39,158 adherents of Buddhism in the Philippines.[93] Alternatively, a presenter at the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations claimed in her speech that 2% of the Philippine population practiced Buddhism.[94] Buddhism practice is concentrated among Filipinos of bothChinese andJapanese descents.[95][96] There are several prominent Buddhist temples in the country likeSeng Guan Temple in Manila andLon Wa Buddhist Temple in Mindanao.
TheSrivijaya Empire andMajapahit Empire on what is nowMalaysia andIndonesia, introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the islands.[97] Ancient statues of Hindu-Buddhist gods have been found in the Philippines dating as far back as 600 to 1600 years from present.[98]
The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of HinduTamil people,Gujarati people and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed byMajapahit. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location.
Another gold artifact, from the Tabon caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam.[99] These archaeological evidence suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images ofNandi – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.[100]
Today Hinduism is largely confined to the Indian Filipinos and theexpatriate Indian community. There are temples also forSikhism, also located in the provinces and in the cities, sometimes located near Hindu temples. The two Paco temples are well known, comprising a Hindu temple and a Sikh temple.
There are two Hindu temples in Manila city: Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco). There is a Hindu temple called "Indian Hindu Temple" in Cebu City, Philippines. There is a Hindu Temple in Baguio, Philippines called "Baguio Hindu Temple".
Indigenous Philippine folk religions,[101][102] are a diverse group of native religions that have existed in the islands as the people's original faiths. Each possess their own set of belief systems and religious stories and narratives, mostly originating from beliefs held during the pre-Hispanic era, although many are also modern. Some of these beliefs have been influenced byHinduism andBuddhism and were falsely regarded by the Spanish and American colonizers as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize the precolonial beliefs of Filipinos against Filipinos. Today, some of these native beliefs are still held by many Filipinos, both in urban and rural areas.
These religions tell the story of various narratives originating from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay religious narratives, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions. Beliefs include the notions of heaven (kaluwalhatian,kalangitan,kamurawayan, etc.), hell (kasamaan,sulad, etc.), and the human soul (kaluluwa,kaulolan, etc.). They explainthe nature of the world through the lives and actions ofdeities (gods, goddesses), heroes, and other beings. The majority of these religious narratives are passed on through oral tradition, and preserved through the aid of community spiritual leaders orshamans (babaylan,katalonan,mumbaki,baglan,machanitu,walian,mangubat,bahasa, etc.) and community elders.
Today, many ethnic peoples continue to practice and conserve their uniqueindigenous religions, notably in ancestral domains, although foreign and foreign-inspired Hispanic and Arabic religions continue to interfere with their life-ways through conversions, land-grabbing, inter-marriage, and/or land-buying. Various scholarly works have been made regarding Anitism and its many religious aspects, although much of its stories and traditions are still undocumented by the international community.[103][104][101][105]
The 2020 census recorded 0.23% of the population adhering to theIndigenous Philippine folk religions,[5] an increase from the previous 2010 census which notes a 0.19% adherence.[106]
In search of a national culture and identity, away from those imposed by Spain during the colonial age, Filipino revolutionaries during thePhilippine revolution proposed to revive theindigenous Philippine folk religions and make them thenational religion of the entire country. TheKatipunan opposed the religious teachings of the Spanish friars, saying that they "obscured rather than explained religious truths." After the revival of the Katipunan during theSpanish–American War, an idealized form of the folk religions was proposed by some, with the worship of God under the ancient name ofBathala, which applies to all supreme deities under the many ethnic pantheons in the Philippines.[107]
Based on the2020 Census, thePhilippine Statistics Authority reported the number of irreligious at less than 0.1% of the Philippine population.[5]
ThePhilippine Atheists and Agnostics Society (PATAS) is a nonprofit organization for the public understanding of atheism and agnosticism in the Philippines which educates society, and eliminates myths and misconceptions about atheism and agnosticism.[108] In February 2009,Filipino Freethinkers[109] was formed. Since 2011, thePhilippine Atheists and Agnostics Society has held its OUT Campaigns in Rizal Park and Quezon Memorial Circle. Also it held two feeding programs "Good without Religion" in Bacoor, Cavite.[110] The society also is a member affiliate and associate of various international atheist organizations such as theAtheist Alliance International, Institute for Science and Human Values, and theInternational Humanist and Ethical Union, as one among secular organizations that promotes free thought and scientific development in the Philippines.[111] The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02% of the population as "none".
As of 2021, the Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society is dormant and non-active, following a major internal scandal on finance matters.[failed verification][106]
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According to a 2020 survey by theSocial Weather Stations (SWS), there had been a decline in the perception of importance in religion amidst theCOVID-19 pandemic. According to the survey, 73 percent of Filipino adults deemed religion as important, which fell by 10 points compared to the pre-pandemic December 2019 survey which stated 83 percent believed religion is important in their lives.[112]
Christianity, especially Catholicism, received a significant decline from 84 percent to 71 percent; other Christian denominations, except the Iglesia ni Cristo, fell from 78 percent to 71 percent. Iglesia ni Cristo, meanwhile, increased from 69 percent to 88 percent. In terms of Islam, it fell from 94 percent to 93 percent as "very important", almost receiving no change.[112]
The 2020 SWS survey stated that Mindanao had a huge number of respondents who viewed religion as important (88 percent), followed by Luzon and Metro Manila (70 percent each), with Visayas being the lowest (64 percent).[112]
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The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declares: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. (Article II, Section 6), and, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. (Article III, Section 5). Joaquin Bernas, a Filipino Jesuit specializing in constitutional law, acknowledges that there were complex issues that were brought to court and numerous attempts to use the separation of Church and State against the Catholic Church, but he defends the statement, saying that "the fact that he [Marcos] tried to do it does not deny the validity of the separation of church and state".[113]
On April 28, 2004, the Philippines Supreme Court reversed the ruling of a lower court ordering five religious leaders to refrain from endorsing a candidate for elective office.[114][115] Manila Judge Conception Alarcon-Vergara had ruled that the "head of a religious organization who influences or threatens to punish members could be held liable for coercion and violation of citizen's right to vote freely". The lawsuit filed that "the Church's active participation in partisan politics, using the awesome voting strength of its faithful flock, will enable it to elect men to public office who will in turn be forever beholden to its leaders, enabling them to control the government".
They claimed that this violates the Philippine constitution's separation of Church and State clause. The named respondents were theArchbishop of ManilaCardinalLuis Antonio Tagle,El Shaddai Movement LeaderMike Velarde,Iglesia ni Cristo Executive MinisterEduardo V. Manalo andJesus Is Lord Church Worldwide leaderEddie Villanueva. Manalo's Iglesia ni Cristo practicesbloc voting. Former Catholic Archbishop CardinalJaime Sin had been instrumental in rallying support for the assumption to power ofCorazon Aquino andGloria Arroyo. Velarde supportedFidel V. Ramos,Joseph Estrada,Gloria Macapagal Arroyo andBenigno Aquino III while Villanueva endorsedFidel Ramos andJose De Venecia. Thepapal nuncio agreed with the decision of the lower court[116] while the other respondents challenged the decision.[117][118]
The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total population.
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