Christianity is the mainreligion in Romania, withRomanian Orthodoxy being its largest denomination.

Romania is asecular state and freedom of religion is enshrined in the nation's constitution.

Romania is one of the most religious ofEuropean countries^[2] and the majority of the country's citizens are OrthodoxChristians.Romania is asecular state, and it has nostate religion. Despite being one of the most religious countries, practice, church and mass attendance are low, even compared to less religious countries than Romania.

The Romanian state officially recognizes 18 religions and denominations.^[3] 86.53% of the country's stable population identified as part of theEastern Orthodox Church in the 2011 census (see also:History of Christianity in Romania). Other major Christian denominations include theCatholic Church (bothLatin Catholicism (4.62%) andGreek Catholicism (0.8%–3.3%)),Calvinism (3.19%), andPentecostal denominations (1.92%). This amounts to approximately 99% of the population identifying as Christian.^[4] Romania also has a small but historically significantMuslim minority of around 44,000 people, concentrated inNorthern Dobruja, who are mostly ofCrimean Tatar andTurkish ethnicity. According to the 2011 census data, there are also approximately 3,500Jews, around 21,000 atheists and about 19,000 people not identifying with any religion. The 2011 census numbers are based on a stable population of 20,121,641 people and exclude a portion of about 6% due to unavailable data.^[5]

According to the 2022 census, 76,215 people, approximately 0.4% of the total population, indicated that their religion was Islam.^[6]

TheEastern Orthodox Church is the largest religious denomination in Romania, numbering 16,307,004 according to the 2011 census, or 81.04% of the population. The rate of church attendance is, however, significantly lower. According to a poll conducted by INSCOP in July 2015, 37.8% of Romanians who declare themselves to be religious go to church only on major holidays, 25.4% once a week (especially on Sunday), 18.9% once a month, 10.2% once a year or less, 3.4% say they do not go to church, 2.7% a few times a week, and only 0.9% say they go to church daily.^[7]

Apart from the mainstreamEastern Orthodox Church, othereastern orthodox groups exist in the country among which is theTrue Orthodox denominationOld Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania and theOld Believers of theLipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church.

According to the 2011 census, there are 870,774Catholics belonging to theLatin Church inRomania, making up 4.33% of the population. The largest ethnic groups areHungarians (500,444, includingSzékelys; 41% of theHungarians), Romanians (297,246 or 1.8%),Germans (21,324 or 59%), andRoma (20,821 or 3.3%), as well as a majority of the country'sSlovaks,Bulgarians,Croats,Italians,Czechs,Poles, andCsangos (27,296 in all).

According to the 2011 census, there are 150,593Romanian Greek Catholics in Romania, making up 0.75% of the population. The majority of Greek Catholics live in the northern part ofTransylvania. Most are Romanians (124,563), with the remainder mostly Hungarians or Roma.

On the other hand, according to data published in the 2016Annuario Pontificio, the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church had 504,280 members, 8 bishops, 1,225 parishes, some 835 diocesan priests and 235 seminarians of its own rite at the end of 2012.^[8][9] However, according to the 2011 Romanian government census, the number of its followers living in Romania was as low as 150,593, of which 124,563 are ethnic Romanians.^[10] In 2022, the church estimated their numbers at 488,000, noting that many citizens whose ancestors were forced to covert during the Communist regime had rediscovered their roots and joined the Greek Catholic Church.^[11]

TheRomanian Orthodox Church continues to claim many of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church's properties.^[12] The law provides for the restitution of religious properties confiscated between 1940 and 1989, if they are still owned by the state; however restitution is moving slowly.^[11]

According to the 2021 census,Protestants make up about 6% of the total population. They have historically been made up ofMagisterial Protestants (Lutherans andCalvinists) andRadicals (Unitarians), although in recent yearsEvangelical Protestants and variousRestorationist groups such asAdventists andNew Apostolics have spread and now hold a greater share. In 1930, prior toWorld War II, Protestants constituted approximately 8.8% of the Romanian population. The largest denominations are theReformed Church in Romania and thePentecostal Union of Romania. Of these various Protestant groups, Hungarians account for most of the Reformed,Unitarians, andEvangelical Lutherans; Romanians are the majority of the Pentecostals,Baptists,Seventh-day Adventists and Evangelical Christians; while Germans account for most of theAugustan Confession Evangelicals (i.e. Lutherans historically subscribing to theAugsburg Confession). The majority of Calvinists (Reformed Church) and Unitarians have their services inHungarian.

Before thePartition of Hungary, theEvangelical Lutheran Church of Romania was part of theSaxon Lutheran Church in Transylvania. In 1920 theGerman- and Hungarian-speaking congregations officially separated into two distinct bodies.

Currently there are three Lutheran denominations in Romania. The largest, theEvangelical Lutheran Church of Romania, has someSlovak- and Romanian-speaking congregations, but is mostly a Hungarian-speaking denomination. TheEvangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania is a German-speaking denomination with some congregations holding bilingual services. The smallest is the newly-founded Confessional Lutheran Church in Romania, which is aLutheran Church–Missouri Synodforeign mission with three congregations in Brașov, Bucharest and Suceava.^[13]

TheReformed Church in Romania is an exclusively Hungarian-speaking denomination with some 495.000 members, making it the largest Protestant denomination in the country.Other Calvinist denominations with a presence in the country include a missionary congregation of theURCNA in Bucharest,^[14] anIPC congregation in Sibiu^[15] and theReformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe, which has 13 congregations in Romania.^[16]

TheChurch of England has acongregation in Bucharest and theUnited Protestant Church of France has one inIași.^[17]

Evangelicals (or sometimes called "neo-Protestants" in Romania) are mostly identified with theBaptists,Plymouth Brethren, Pentecostals (bothApostolic andAssemblies) or members of various otherindependent churches. Not to be confused with any of the above, theEvangelical Church of Romania (0.08%), is an indigenousEastern Protestant denomination with some similarities to thePlymouth Brethren.

Jehovah's Witnesses were banned and persecuted in some occasions in Romania from 1948 to 1989.^[18][19] In 1989, after the Romanian ban was lifted, members and representatives of theGoverning Body of Jehovah's Witnesses were able to gather thousands of Romanian Jehovah's Witnesses that had been separated for a long time,^[20] but some of them still rejected certain doctrinal changes and preferred their autonomy, forming The True Faith Association of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1992.^[21][22]

Nowadays, Romania is the only country in the world to have 2 different Jehovah's Witnesses organizations.^[21][22]

As for the main group, in 2020, the number ofJehovah's Witnesses was 39,328 activepublishers, united in 535congregations; 74,363 people attended annual celebration ofLord's Evening Meal in 2020.^[23]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) had some presence in the country from 1899–1913. Most of these early members emigrated to the west. The LDS Church was reintroduced in 1990 and a small branch was formed in Bucharest in 1991. In 2019, the LDS Church claimed 3,064 members in 15 congregations in Romania.^[24][25]

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Since the end ofWorld War II, thousands ofNepali,Bangladeshi andIndian immigrants have brought Hinduism with them. TheInternational Society of Krishna Consciousness operates nearly a dozen temples throughout the nation's largest cities, such asBucharest,Brașov,Timișoara,Oradea, and others. These temples organize large festivals with Hindu significance such as Ratha Yatra, Diwali and Durga Puja, and see thousands of attendees each year from various religions and people.

Although the number of adherents ofIslam is relatively small, Islam enjoys a 700-year tradition in Romania particularly inNorthern Dobruja,^[26] a region on theBlack Sea coast which was part of theOttoman Empire for almost five centuries (ca. 1420–1878).^[27] According to the 2011 census, 64,337 people, approx. 0.3% of the total population, indicated that their religion was Islam. The majority of the Romanian Muslims belong to theSunni Islam.

According to the 2022 census, 76,215 people, approximately 0.4% of the total population, indicated that their religion was Islam.^[6][28][29]

97% of the Romanian Muslims are residents of the two counties forming Northern Dobruja: eighty-five percent live inConstanța County, and twelve percent inTulcea County.^[26] The remaining Muslims live in cities likeBucharest,Brăila,Călărași,Galați,Giurgiu,Drobeta-Turnu Severin.^[26] Ethnically, most of them areTatars, followed byTurks,Albanians,Muslim Roma, and immigrants from theMiddle East and Africa,^[26][30] although there are a few ethnic Romanian converts to Islam who even establisheda mosque in 2014.^[31][32] Since 2007, there are Indonesian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers coming to Romania, who are mostly Muslims.

In Romania there are about 80mosques.^[33] One of the largest is theGrand Mosque of Constanța, originally known as the Carol I Mosque. It was built between 1910 and 1913, on the order ofCarol I, in appreciation for the Muslim community inConstanța. According to the legal status of the Muslim denomination, the Romanian Muslim community is officially represented by amufti, while the Muftiat is the denominational and cultural representative institution of the Muslim community,^[34] with a status similar with that of the other denominations officially recognized by the Romanian state.^[35] Likewise, Muslims in Constanța, which comprise approx. 6% of the population of this county, are represented in theParliament by theDemocratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tatars of Romania, founded on 29 December 1989.^[36]

In 1930, more than 700,000 people in theKingdom of Romania (includingBessarabia) practiced Judaism. By 2011, that number had dropped to 3,271. A legacy of the country's once numerous Jewish congregations is the large number ofsynagogues throughout Romania. Today, between 200,000 and 400,000descendants of Romanian Jews are living in Israel.

Other denominations not listed above but recognised as official religions by the Romanian state are listed here. TheJehovah's Witnesses number around 50,000 adherents (0.25% of the stable population).Old Believers make up about 0.16% of the population with 30,000 adherents, who are mainly ethnicRussians living in theDanube Delta region.Serbian Orthodox believers are present in the areas which borderSerbia and number about 14,000 people. Once fairly well represented in Romania,Judaism has fallen to around 3,500 adherents in 2011, which is about 0.02% of the population. Less still is theArmenian Christian minority, numbering about 400 people in total. TheAssociation of Religion Data Archives reports roughly 1,900 followers of theBaháʼí Faith in the country as of 2010.^[37] Lastly, the number of people who have identified with other religions than the ones explicitly mentioned in the 2011 census comes to a total of about 30,000 people.^[38]

Neopagan groups have emerged in Romania over the latest decade, virtually all of them being ethno-pagan as in the other countries ofEuropean Union,^[39] although still small in comparison to other movements such asŐsmagyar Vallás inHungary.

The revivedethnic religion of the Romanians is calledZalmoxianism and is based onThracian mythological sources, with prominence given to the figure of godZalmoxis.^[40] One of the most prominent Zalmoxian groups is theGebeleizis Association (Romanian:Societatea Gebeleizis).^[40]

In the same time, in Romania there is a recognized pagan organization: THE NEW PAGAN DAWN Association,^{[41][42][43][44]} which attempts to defend the rights of the pagan community in Romania and to represent its voice.

Approximately 40,000 people have identified as nonreligious in Romania in the 2011 census, of which 21,000 declaredatheists and 19,000agnostics. Most of them are concentrated in major cities such as Bucharest or Cluj-Napoca.^[45]Irreligion is much lower in Romania than in most other European countries; one of the lowest in Europe.^[46]

In the2021 Romanian census, 13.94% of respondents refused to state a religious affiliation.^[1]

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In 2008, 19% of Romanians placed "Faith" among maximum four answers to the question "Among the following values, which one is most important in relation to your idea of happiness?". It is the third highest number, afterArmenia (27%), andGeorgia (26%), at equality withTurkey (19%) andCyprus (19%). The mean in EU-27 was 9%.^[47] According to a study by theSoros Foundation, over three quarters of Romanians consider themselves religious people, in a greater amount from rural areas, from women, from elders and from those with low income.^[48]

In 2011, 49% of Bucharesters declared that they only go to church on social occasions (weddings,Easter, etc.) or not at all. Only 26% told the same in the other parts of the country.^[49] According to preliminary data from the national 2011 census, 98.4% of the population declared themselves adherents of a religious denomination. This figure was contested,^[50] suggesting that the number of believers in disproportionately large. The final data for the 2011 national census shows a reduction of this figure to about 93.5% but includes a much larger portion of the population where religion-related data is missing (6.26%).

According to a survey conducted in July 2015, 96.5% of Romanians believe inGod, 84.4% believe insaints, 69.6% believe in the existence ofheaven, 57.5% in that ofhell, and 54.4% inafterlife.^[51] 83% of Romanians say they observe Sundays and religious holidays, 74.6% worship when they pass by achurch, 65.6% say they pray regularly, 60.2% state they sanctify their belongings, house, car, and 53.6% of Romanians donate regularly to the church.^[51]

On the other hand, practicing, church and mass attendance and other habbits like praying or fasting is considerably lower, even compared to less religious countries than Romania.

The laws of Romania establish the freedom of religion as well as outlawing religious discrimination, and provide a registration framework for religious organizations to receive government recognition and funding (this is not a prerequisite for being able to practice in the country). The government also has programs for compensating religious organizations for property confiscated duringWorld War II and during the rule of theSocialist Republic of Romania. Representatives of minority groups have complained that the government favors theRomanian Orthodox Church over other religious groups, and there have been several incidences of local government and police failing to enforce anti-discrimination laws reliably.^[52]

During the existence of theKingdom of Romania in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the government of Romania systematically favored the Orthodox andRomanian Greek Catholic Churches.^[53] Non-Christians were denied citizenship until the late 20th century, and even then faced obstacles and limited rights.^[54] Antisemitism was a prominent feature of liberal political currents in the 19th century, before being abandoned by liberal parties and adopted by left-wing peasant and later fascist groups in the early 20th century.^[55][56] During World War II, several hundred thousand Jews were killed by Romanian and German forces in Romania.^[57] Although Jews living in territories belonging to Romania prior to the beginning of the war largely avoided this fate, they nevertheless faced harsh antisemitic laws passed by theAntonescu government.^[57] During the Socialist era following World War II, the Romanian government exerted significant control over the Orthodox Church and closely monitored religious activity, as well as promoting atheism among the population.^[58] Dissident priests were censured, arrested, deported, and/or defrocked, but the Orthodox Church as a whole acquiesced to the government's demands and received support from it.^[59]

	Denominations and religious organizations	1992 census[60]	2002 census[60]	2011 census[60][61][62]	2022 census[1]	Trend
Traditional Christian denominations	Romanian Orthodox	19,802,389	18,817,975	16,367,267	13,989,584
	Roman Catholic	1,161,942	1,026,429	869,246	741,276
	Greek Catholic	223,327	191,556	160,275	115,364
	Serbian Orthodox	–	–	14,385	55,206
	Old Believers	28,141	38,147	32,558	28,280
	Old Calendarists	32,228	–	–	–	unknown
	Armenian Apostolic	2,023	775	393	804
Protestant Christian denominations	Reformed	802,454	701,077	600,970	495,380
	Pentecostal	220,824	324,462	367,938	404,307
	Baptist	109,462	126,639	118,003	103,157
	Seventh-day Adventist	77,546	93,670	85,902	65,812
	Unitarian	76,708	66,944	57,686	47,991
	Evangelicals	49,963	44,476	42,495	36,339
	Evangelical Lutheran (Synod-Presbyterian)	21,221	27,112	20,168	20,023
	Romanian Evangelical	–	18,178	15,514	7,680
	Evangelical Augustan	39,119	8,716	5,399	3,737
Restorationist Movements	Jehovah's Witnesses	–	–	49,820	43,324
	Mormons	99	1,545	2,800	3,064 (2019)[63]
Others	Islam	55,928	67,257	64,337	76,215
	Judaism	9,670	6,057	3,519	2,707
	Other religion	56,129	89,196	30,557	23,925	unknown
	Without religion	26,314	12,825	23,918	71,417	unknown
	Atheism	10,331	8,524	21,196	57,205
	Undeclared	8,139	11,734	84,753	2,656,477
	Unavailable	–	–	1,259,739

Notes:

¹ Census results were contested by theRomanian Greek Catholic Church^[60] which has a very different self-declared membership of: 2,011,635 (1995), 1,390,610 (2000), 707,452 (2010) and 504,280 (2016)^[64]

• Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania
• Secta Vidrenilor
• Religion by country
• Religion in Europe

• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu,Religion and Politics in Post-communist Romania, Oxford University Press, 2007.ISBN 0-19-530853-0
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania," inQuo Vadis Eastern Europe? Religion, State, Society and Inter-religious Dialogue after Communism, ed. by Ines A. Murzaku (Bologna, Italy: University of Bologna Press, 2009), pp. 221–235.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral,"Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, no. 7 (November 2006), pp. 1119–1139.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "Pulpits, Ballots and Party Cards: Religion and Elections in Romania,"Religion, State and Society, vol. 33, no 4 (December 2005), pp. 347–366.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "The Devil's Confessors: Priests, Communists, Spies and Informers,"East European Politics and Societies, vol. 19, no. 4 (November 2005), pp. 655–685.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "Religious Education in Romania,"Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 38, no. 3 (September 2005), pp. 381–401.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "Religion, Politics and Sexuality in Romania,"Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 57, no. 2 (March 2005), pp. 291–310.
• Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratization",Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 52, no. 8 (December 2000), pp. 1467–1488, republished inEast European Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 4 (22 February 2001), available online atEast European Perspectives: February 22, 2001, and vol. 3, no. 5 (7 March 2001), available online atEast European Perspectives: March 7, 2001.
• Flora, Gavril; and Georgina Szilagyi; Victor Roudometof (April 2005). "Religion and national identity in post-communist Romania".Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans.7 (1):35–55.doi:10.1080/14613190500036917.S2CID 155517149.

• Religion in Romania

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