Reich Defense Commissioner (German:Reichsverteidigungskommissar, RVK) was a governmental position created inNazi Germany at the outbreak ofWorld War II on 1 September 1939. Charged with overall defense of the territory of the German Reich, there was originally one Reich Defense Commissioner for each of 15Wehrkreise (Military Districts). On 16 November 1942, the geographical scope was reduced to theGau level, raising the number of Reich Defense Commissioners to 42.
The office of Reich Defense Commissioner was created by the “Ordinance on the Appointment of Reich Defense Commissioners” issued by theCouncil of Ministers for Defense of the Reich on 1 September 1939. The Reich Defense Commissioners were subordinate to this council and were under the direct supervision of theReichsminister of the Interior, a member of the Council in his capacity asGeneralbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung (General Plenipotentiary for Administration). One Reich Defense Commissioner was appointed for each of the 15Wehrkreise (Military Districts) that served as the headquarters of a German Armycorps. Each appointee was aGauleiter of theNazi Party. In addition, most all held the highest governmental position in their jurisdiction, usually being either aReichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of aGerman State or anOberpräsident (High President) of aPrussian province. (The Commissioners of the two AustrianWehrkreis would be elevated to the rank ofReichstatthalter in April 1940.) One Commissioner, the Bavarian Interior Minister, headed the two military districts that together comprised theFree State of Bavaria.[1]
Reich Defense Commissioners appointed on 1 September 1939:
* Army motorized corps XIV, XV, XVI and XIX had no corresponding specificWehrkreis.
All aspects of civil defense were entrusted to the Reich Defense Commissioners. They were expected to work in close coordination with the military district commanders. They were charged with management and coordination of all civil administrative agencies within their jurisdictions, and thereby had the power to issue instructions to all civil authorities in their districts in matters of defense. In the early war years this mainly involved responsibility for air raid defense preparations and for organizing the evacuation of any endangered areas. It also involved responsibilities in the area of managing the war economy, with significant control over labor deployment, exemptions from military service, housing allocation and enforcement of wartime rationing.[2]
In late October 1939, after the invasion and conquest ofPoland, two newWehrkreise were formed out of the annexed Polish territory and two additional Reich Defense Commissioners were named:[3]
| Wehrkreis | Reich Defense Commissioner | Gauleiter of: |
|---|---|---|
| XX Danzig | Albert Forster,Reichstatthalter of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia |
| XXI Posen | Arthur Greiser,Reichstatthalter of Reichsgau Wartheland | Reichsgau Wartheland |
Because the military districts were not necessarily geographically contiguous with the various PartyGaue, German States, or Prussian provinces, conflicts with thoseGauleiters and civil authorities who had not been appointed Reich Defense Commissioners often arose. In order to defuse these increasingly sharp conflicts in the course of the war, the "Ordinance on the Reich Defense Commissioners and the Unification of Economic Administration" of 16 November 1942 decreed each PartyGau to be a Reich Defense District. EachGauleiter now was assigned the additional position of a Reich Defense Commissioner, and the cadre of 17 commissioners expanded to 42. This resulted in increased power for allGauleiters, as economic councils and armaments commissions conformed to the new Reich Defense Districts.[4]
The autonomy and power of the Reich Defense Commissioners was increased by their involvement in the total war campaign, whichJoseph Goebbels authorized on 25 July 1944 asReich Plenipotentiary for Total War. The Reich Defense Commissioners were charged with maximizing the mobilization of all internal manpower resources by registering men and women between the ages of sixteen and sixty for war-related work assignments.[5]
In the final phase of the war, when the territory of the Reich was invaded, the office of Reich Defense Commissioner contributed significantly to the expansion of power of theGauleiters. In October 1944 when theVolkssturm national militia was created, its enrollment, organization and leadership was put under the direct control of theGauleiters in their capacity as Reich Defense Commissioners.[6]
The territorial authority of the military command extended ten kilometers behind the front line. To the rear of this line, all measures not of a purely military nature – even the construction of defensive fortifications – were under the authority of the Reich Defense Commissioners, who were responsible for carrying them out with the aid of the civilian population and theVolkssturm. In many instances theWehrmacht attempted to intervene, while the Reich Defense Commissioners jealously guarded their prerogatives. The atmosphere between the two authorities tended to be highly strained and often contributed to conflicting and contradictory orders.[7]
In the end, the Reich Defense Commissioners confronted dwindling manpower resources and materiel in the face of powerful offensives by theAllied powers, and were unable to significantly contribute to staving off the impending defeat. The position of Reich Defense Commissioner disappeared with the fall of the Nazi regime.