Regional Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Daerah | |
|---|---|
| 2024–2029 period | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Established | 1 October 2004; 21 years ago (2004-10-01) |
| Preceded by | Utusan Daerah (Regional Representatives) |
New session started | 1 October 2024 |
| Leadership | |
Deputy Speaker | |
Deputy Speaker | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 152 |
 | |
Political groups | Nonpartisan (152) |
Length of term | Five years |
| Authority | On the area ofregional governments only:
|
| Elections | |
| Single non-transferable vote | |
Last election | 14 February 2024 |
Next election | 2029 |
| Meeting place | |
| Nusantara V Building, Parliamentary Complex Jakarta,Indonesia | |
| Website | |
| dpd.go.id | |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Indonesia |
|---|
 |
TheRegional Representative Council (Indonesian:Dewan Perwakilan Daerah,DPD; alternatively translatable as theHouse of Regions or theHouse of Regional Representatives or theSenate of Indonesia), is one of twoparliamentary chambers inIndonesia. Together with theHouse of Representatives (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, theMajelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR).[3] Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR.[1] Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power.[2] Its members are usually called senators instead of DPD members.[4]
The idea of regional representation in parliament was initially accommodated in the original version of the1945 Constitution, with the concept ofUtusan Daerah (Regional Representatives) in the MPR, along withUtusan Golongan (Group Representatives) and members of the DPR. This is regulated in Article 2 of the constitution, which states that"The MPR consists of members of the DPR plus representatives from regions and groups, according to the rules established by law". This loose arrangement was then further regulated by various laws and regulations.
In the Constitution of theUnited States of Indonesia enacted in 1949, the idea was realized in the form ofSenat Republik Indonesia Serikat (Senate of the United States of Indonesia), representing the states and working side by side with the DPR.
As a replacement forUtusan Daerah, the DPD was created by thethird amendment to the 1945 Constitution enacted on 9 November 2001 in a move towardsbicameralism. The DPD does not have the revising powers of anupper house like theUnited States Senate. Article 22D restricts the DPD to dealing with bills on "regional autonomy, the relationship of central and local government, formation, expansion and merger of regions, management of natural resources and other economic resources, and Bills related to the financial balance between the centre and the regions."[5]
TheInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems conducted a tracking survey in theIndonesian legislative elections in 2004 which showed that not all voters knew how to vote for candidates for the new Regional Representative Council, or were even aware of its existence.[6] The first 128 elected senators of the DPD were sworn in for the first time on 1 October 2004.
The DPD is not a true upper house, because the power of the DPD is relatively weak compared to the older chamber, the DPR, notably, it has no direct law-making or the power to veto bills.[7][8] According to Indonesian constitutional scholarJimly Asshiddiqie, the relative weakness of the DPD was a result of a compromise in the committee responsible for the constitutional amendment.[8] The reformist faction wanted a strong second chamber in addition to the existing DPR to strengthenchecks and balances, but the conservative faction opposed this.[8]
Article 22C of theConstitution says that all members of the DPD are elected through the same legislative election every five years, along with the members of the House of Representatives. The total number of senators is limited so that it does not exceed one-third of that of DPR. Each of the 38provinces of Indonesia elect 4 members to the DPD, for a total of 152. At the inaugural2004 legislative election, there were 32 provinces resulting in 128 senators, but as new provinces have been created the number of senators has been increased in subsequent elections. The number of senators were 132 starting in2009, 136 starting in2014, and 152 starting in2024.
Senators are elected on a non-partisan basis usingsingle non-transferable voting. However, many candidates in the 2004 election had links to the parties represented in the House of Representatives, theDewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR. The senators elected to the Council represent the interests of their provinces, therefore the DPD can be seen as a reform of theutusan daerah (regional representatives) of the MPR during the Suharto era, which was appointed to the MPR at the president's discretion.[7]
The DPD can propose regional bills to the House of Representatives and its senators must be heard on any regional bill proposed by the said House.[7]
The acronymDPD is a common one in Indonesia. In political parties, it usually stands forDewan Pimpinan Daerah (Local Leadership Council) and is seated at each provincial capital. It should not be confused with the legislative body.
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