The medieval centre of the city was made aUNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 because of its well-preserved architecture, being the biggest medieval city site north of the Alps,[4] and the city's historical importance for assemblies during theHoly Roman Empire.[5] In 2014, Regensburg was among the top sights andtravel attractions in Germany.[6]
The remains of the East Tower of thePorta Praetoria from Roman times
The first settlements in the Regensburg area date from theStone Age. The oldestCeltic name given to a settlement near Regensburg wasRadasbona, a site where aRoman fort was built around AD 90. In 179, a major new Roman fort, calledCastra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen"), was built forLegio IIIItalica during the reign of EmperorMarcus Aurelius.[7] It was an important camp at the most northerly point of the Danube; it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's Old City orAltstadt east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and west of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that as early as the late Roman period the city was the seat of a bishop.
From the early 6th century, Regensburg was the seat of a ruling family known as theAgilolfings. From about 530 to the first half of the 13th century, it was the capital of Bavaria. The bishopric established by the Romans was re-established bySt Boniface as theBishopric of Regensburg in 739. In the late 8th century, Regensburg remained an important city during the reign ofCharlemagne. In 792, Regensburg hosted the ecclesiastical section of Charlemagne's General Assembly, the bishops in council who condemned the heresy of thenontrinitarianadoptionism doctrine taught by their Spanish counterparts,Elipandus ofToledo andFelix of Urgell. After the partition of theCarolingian Empire in 843, the city became the seat of the EasternFrankish ruler,Louis the German. Two years later, 14Bohemian princes came to Regensburg to receivebaptism there. This was the starting point of theChristianization of theCzechs, and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of that ofPrague. These events had a wide impact on the cultural history of the Czech lands, as they were consequently part of the Roman Catholic and not theSlavic-Orthodox world. On 8 December 899Arnulf of Carinthia, a descendant ofCharlemagne, died at Regensburg.[8]
By theHigh Middle Ages in the year 1000, the population increased to 40,000 from 23,000 inhabitants in 800.[9] In 1096, on the way to theFirst Crusade,Peter the Hermit led a mob ofcrusaders who attempted to force the mass conversion ofJews in Regensburg, they then killed all those who resisted.[10] Between 1135 and 1146, theStone Bridge across theDanube was built at Regensburg. This bridge opened major international trade routes between northern Europe andVenice, and this began Regensburg's golden age as a residence of wealthy trading families. Regensburg became thecultural centre of southern Germany and was celebrated for its gold work and fabrics.
Regensburg in the 16th centuryCeremonial arrival at the Imperial Diet, 1711The Free Imperial City (yellow) and the Prince-Bishopric (purple) in the 18th century
In 1245 Regensburg became aFree Imperial City and was a trade centre before the shifting oftrade routes in the late Middle Ages. Regensburg has always been a place where international meetings were held. This was also the case in 1471 when a war against the Turks was to be decided.[11] In 1486, Regensburg became part of theDuchy of Bavaria, but its independence was restored by theHoly Roman Emperor ten years later.
Jewish gravestone at the eponymous middle school
In 1519, the medievalJewish community of Regensburg - one of the largest and most significant in southern Germany - was expelled following the death of EmperorMaximilian I, who had previously protected the city’s Jews. Without imperial oversight, the city council and local guilds moved quickly to remove the community, citing economic grievances and long-standing religious hostility. Around 500 Jews were forced to leave the city, their property was confiscated, and thecenturies-old synagogue and much of the Jewish quarter were demolished. The medieval Jewish cemetery, one of the oldest in the region, was also destroyed; many of its gravestones were removed, broken, or reused in construction around the city. The 1519 expulsion marked the end of Jewish life in Regensburg for several centuries, until Jews were permitted to resettle in the city in the early modern period.[12]
From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which became known as thePerpetual Diet of Regensburg. Thus, Regensburg was one of the central towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers.
A minority of the population remainedRoman Catholic, and Roman Catholics were denied civic rights (Bürgerrecht). Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and severalabbeys. Three of these,St. Emmeram,Niedermünster andObermünster, were free imperial estates within the Holy Roman Empire, meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at theImperial Diet (Reichstag). So there was the unique situation that the town of Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric, and the threemonasteries. In addition, it was seen as the traditional capital of the region Bavaria (not the state), acted as functional co-capital of the Empire (second to the Emperor's court at Vienna) due to the presence of the Perpetual Diet, and it was the residence of the Emperor's Commissary-Principal to the same diet, who with one very brief exception was a prince himself (for many years the Prince ofThurn and Taxis, still resident in the town).
In 1803 the city lost its status as an imperial city following its incorporation into thePrincipality of Regensburg. It was handed over to theArchbishop-Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman EmpireCarl von Dalberg in compensation for the territory of the Electorate of Mainz located on the left bank of the Rhine which had been annexed by France under the terms of theTreaty of Lunéville in 1801. The Archbishopric of Mainz was formally transferred to Regensburg. Dalberg united the bishopric, the monasteries, and the town itself, making up thePrincipality of Regensburg (Fürstentum Regensburg). Dalberg strictly modernized public life. Most importantly, he awarded equal rights to Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. In 1810 Dalberg ceded Regensburg to theKingdom of Bavaria, he himself being compensated by the award ofFulda andHanau to him under the title of "Grand Duke of Frankfurt".
Between 19 and 23 April 1809, Regensburg was the scene of theBattle of Ratisbon between forces commanded byHenri Gatien Bertrand andNapoleon himself and the retreatingAustrian forces. The city was eventually overrun, after supplies andammunition ran out. The city suffered severe damage during the fight, with about 150 houses being burnt and others being looted.Robert Browning's poemIncident at the French Camp describes the battle from the French perspective, but is filled with historical errors.
Regensburg was home to both aMesserschmitt Bf 109 aircraft factory and an oil refinery, which were bombed by the Allies on 17 August 1943, in theSchweinfurt-Regensburg mission, and on 5 February 1945, during theOil Campaign of World War II. Although both targets were badly damaged, Regensburg itself suffered little damage from the Alliedstrategic bombing campaign, and the nearly intact medieval city centre is listed as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The city's most important cultural loss was that of theRomanesque church ofObermünster, which was destroyed in a March 1945 air raid and was not rebuilt (thebelfry survived). Also, Regensburg's slow economic recovery after the war ensured that historic buildings were not torn down and replaced by newer ones. When the upswing in restoration[clarification needed] reached Regensburg in the late 1960s, the prevailing mindset had turned in favour of preserving the city's heritage.
Cancellation by the Ukrainian Camp Post at Regensburg DP Camp
Between 1945 and 1949, Regensburg was the site of the largestdisplaced persons (DP) camp in Germany. At its peak in 1946–1947, the workers' district of Ganghofersiedlung housed almost 5,000Ukrainian and 1,000 non-Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons. With the approval of U.S. Military Government in the AmericanAllied Occupation Zone, Regensburg and other DP camps organised their own camp postal service. In Regensburg, the camp postal service began operation on 11 December 1946.[16]
At the beginning of the 1960s, Regensburg invested heavily in technical and socialinfrastructure to attract industry.Siemens was the first multinational company to come to Regensburg, a significant step in the city's development after World War II. In 1965,Regensburg University was founded;Regensburg University of Applied Sciences was established in 1971. The second multinational company,BMW, arrived in 1986 and set up a large production plant. Since the 1990s, several well-knownhightech companies have been located in Regensburg, such asInfineon andOSRAM, contributing to the city's current wealth.
Regensburg straddles thehumid continental (Dfb) andoceanic (Cfb) climate zones under theKöppen climate classification. While the average temperature of 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the period from 1971 to 2000 is slightly above the German average (7.8 °C or 46.0 °F), still only 5 of the 80 cities in Germany above 100,000 inhabitants are colder. The average precipitation of 636 millimetres (25.0inches) per year ranges slightly below the German average (approximately 700 millimetres or 28 inches). For the newer period from 1981 to 2010 the average temperature and precipitation rose up to 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) respectively 658 millimetres (25.9inches). As this increase in the average temperature can also be seen in the other cities, Regensburg still ranks fifth place (shared with Ingolstadt and Kiel) in the above-mentioned ranking.[18] With a total of 1670 sunshine hours per year, Regensburg is roughly 120 hours above German average.[19]
The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.
Regensburg includes the largest medieval old town north of the Alps with nearly 1,500listed buildings and a picturesquecityscape. Its most famous sights are located mainly in the Old Town, such as:
TheDom (Cathedral) is an example of pure GermanGothic and is regarded as the main work of Gothic architecture in Bavaria. It was founded in 1275 and completed in 1634, with the exception of the towers, which were finished in 1869. The interior contains numerous interesting monuments, including one ofPeter Vischer's masterpieces. Adjoining thecloisters are two chapels which predate the cathedral. One of these, known as the old cathedral, goes back perhaps to the 8th century.[21] The official choir for the liturgical music at St Peter's Cathedral is the famousRegensburger Domspatzen ("cathedral sparrows").
Thestone bridge, built 1135–1146, is a highlight of medieval bridge building. The knights of the2nd and3rdcrusades used it to cross theDanube on their way to theHoly Land.
TheRegensburg Sausage Kitchen is a major tourist destination, but locals eat there as well. It was originally built as the construction headquarters of the stone bridge and now lies adjacent to it.
Remains of the Roman fortress' walls including the Porta Praetoria.
TheChurch of St. James, also calledSchottenkirche, a Romanesquebasilica of the 12th century, derives its name from the monastery ofIrishBenedictines (Scoti) to which it was attached; the principal doorway is covered with very unusual grotesque carvings.[21] It stands next to theJakobstor, a medieval city gate named after it.
The old parish church ofSt. Ulrich is a good example of the Transition style of the 13th century, and contains a valuable antiquarian collection.[21] It houses the diocesan museum of religious art.
Examples of the Romanesque basilica style are the church ofObermünster, dating from 1010, and the abbey church ofSt. Emmeram, built in the 13th century, remarkable as one of the few German churches with a detached bell tower. The cloisters of the ancient abbey, one of the oldest in Germany, are still in a fair state of preservation. In 1809 the conventual buildings were converted into a palace for the prince ofThurn and Taxis, hereditary postmaster-general of the Holy Roman Empire.[21]
The Adler-Apotheke, located near Regensburg Cathedral, was founded in 1610 and is one of the oldest pharmacies in Regensburg. The ancient interior and historical vessels can be viewed.
Wealthy patrician families competed against each other to see who could build the highest tower of the city. In 1260, theGoldener Turm (golden tower) was built on Wahlenstrasse.
The Old Town Hall, dating in part from the 14th century, contains the rooms occupied by theImperial Diet from 1663 to 1806.[21]
TheGasthof zum Goldenen Kreuz (Golden Cross Inn) is also of historical interest: it is whereCharles V made the acquaintance of Barbara Blomberg, the mother ofDon John of Austria.[21]
Perhaps the most pleasant modern building in the city is the Gothic villa of the king of Bavaria on the bank of the Danube.[21] The grounds are now opened to public and known as VillaPark.
The more imposing of the two is theWalhalla, a costly reproduction of theParthenon, erected as aTeutonic temple of fame on a hill rising from the Danube atDonaustauf, 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) to the east. The interior, which is richly decorated with colouredmarble,gilding and sculptures, contains thebusts of more than one hundred notable Germans.[21]
The second of King Ludwig's buildings is theBefreiungshalle atKelheim, 25 kilometres (16 miles) higher up the Danube. It is a large circular monument built for the glorification of the heroes of the 1813War of Liberation.[21]
Weltenburg Abbey (Kloster Weltenburg), a Benedictine monastery, is located in Weltenburg near the town ofKelheim. The abbey is situated on a peninsula of the Danube, by what are known as the "Weltenburg Narrows" or "Danube Gorge". The monastery, founded by Irish or Scottish monks in about 620, is said to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria.
There are 20 museums in Regensburg. TheRegensburg Museum of History covers the history, culture and arts of Regensburg and Eastern Bavaria from theStone Age to the present. The Imperial Diet Museum (Reichstagsmuseum) in the Old Town Hall presents life during theHoly Roman Empire. Its main attractions are an original torture chamber and the Reichssaal, the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806.[21] The Kepler Memorial House (Keplergedächtnishaus) illustrates the life of the famous astronomer and mathematicianJohannes Kepler. The Municipal Art Gallery (Leerer Beutel) houses art collections, film events and cultural festivals. The city has also added several outdoor museums, known as "Document" sites, which give an overview of specific topics such asRoman,Jewish andBavarian history.
In addition, there are theDiocese Museums (Bistumsmuseen) of Regensburg and a branch of theBavarian National Museum located in St. Emmeram's Abbey, which contains the Princely Treasure Chamber of theThurn und Taxis family. The Domschatzmuseum where church treasures, monstrances and tapestries are displayed is inSt. Peter's Cathedral. Other museums include the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, the Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern, the Reptile Zoo, theRegensburg Museum of Danube Shipping (Donau-Schiffahrts-Museum), thePublic Observatory Regensburg as well as the Watch Museum (Uhrenmuseum), the Golf Museum, the Post Museum and the Dinoraeum. To celebrate its centenary in 2018, the State of Bavaria opened the Museum of Bavarian History in Regensburg.[23] In 2023 a Dackelmuseum (Dachshund museum) opened. There are also guided tours of most of the historical monuments in Regensburg, as well as organized tours of the city available in several languages.
TheTheater Regensburg on the Bismarckplatz was established in 1804 and is the city's most important theater. Operas, operettas, musicals and ballets are performed there. In the summer open-air performances also take place. While the theater on the Bismarckplatz is the city's oldest and largest, the Theater Regensburg also has four other stages with programmes that complement each other. In theNeuhaussaal of the theater on the Bismarckplatz, concerts by the Philharmonic Orchestra Regensburg take place. TheVelodrom Theater presents musicals and plays. In the Haidplatz Theater it is mainly literary and modern plays that are performed, whereas the Turmtheater at the Goliathplatz puts on cabarets, musicals and plays for children as well as modern plays.[24]
Regensburg is home to the famousRegensburger Domspatzen, the cathedral choir that specializes in liturgy but has toured internationally with a wide variety of music. TheRegensburger Schlossfestspiele has been held in the inner courtyard of theSt. Emmeram's Abbey every July from 2003, sponsored by the former princely house ofThurn und Taxis. Meanwhile, those were attracting musicians likeElton John,David Garrett,Tom Jones, orPlácido Domingo. Modern music styles, especiallyjazz, are presented every summer during the Bavarian Jazz weekend during which over a hundred bands, combos, and soloists perform in the Old Town. In 2015, the House of Music was opened, giving a home to skilled musicians and their education.
The internationalshort film season is hosted annually in Regensburg. It is a non-profit event and takes place every March, being one of the most important of its type in Germany. Aside, there are several cinemas, such asCinemaxX, the largest one showingblockbusters andarthouse films, and smaller independent cinemas such as Garbo, Ostentor Kino and Regina Filmtheater. Regensburg has twoopen air cinemas as well.
Although theGerman language is Germany's official language, Regensburg is considered a part of theBavarian dialect language area (bairischer Sprachraum) which encompasses much ofBavaria, Austria, and theSouth Tyrolean region of northernItaly.[25] More specifically, the dialect attributed to Regensburg is calledCentral Bavarian (Mittelbairisch).[26] A 2019 report estimates that about half of Bavaria's 12 million inhabitants speak a variation of the Bavarian dialect.[27]
The first dictionary of a German dialect was Johann Ludwig Prasch'sGlossarium Bavaricum.[28] Published in Regensburg in 1689, it contains 500 words from the Bavarian variation spoken in Regensburg.[29][30] Regensburg'sBauerntheater, a type of farmers' or folk theater, has staged plays delivered in Bavarian for over 90 years.[31] Moreover, premiering in 2011, Joseph Berlinger's play "Mei Fähr Lady", a story about three "students" taking a crash course in Bavarian dialect, has been performed at Regensburg's Turmtheater over 300 times.[32] In fact, the role of the dialect professor is played by Ludwig Zehetner, professor emeritus in Bavarian dialectology at University of Regensburg. Manfred Rohm, whose pen name Sepp Grantelhauer takes on the Bavarian verbgranteln for "to complain", writes a weekly satirical column solely in Bavarian for theRegensburger Rundschau.[33]
The Old Town of Regensburg is surrounded completely by agreen belt. Numerous inner-city parks like the City Park (Stadtpark), theHerzogspark, theDörnbergpark, theVillapark or the university'sbotanical garden are sources for recreation and leisure.
Twice a year the Regensburg Dult takes place. This is the city'sVolksfest, which is Bavaria's fourth largest. The Bürgerfest (citizen celebration) in the Old Town is held every two years, attracting over 100,000 visitors. Every second weekend in July, people dressed as knights and other medieval characters come together at the Regensburg Spectaculum, a medieval market, near theStone Bridge. Every December, there are severalChristmas markets all over the city.
With over 500 bars, restaurants, clubs, and other venues in the inner city alone, Regensburg provides a rich and diversenightlife due to its young population.
In 2023, Regensburg had 178,577inhabitants,[34] making it the fourth largest city in Bavaria. Over the last hundred years, the city's population has grown rapidly, exceeding 100,000 in 1945 due to the influx of Germans who wereexpelled from various Eastern and Central European countries at the end of thewar. Today Regensburg is one of the fastest growing cities in Germany.
A relative majority of Regensburg's population isCatholic. In 2020, about 48% of the city's inhabitants identified with theCatholic Church, 12.4% were registeredProtestants and about 39.6% identified with other religions or had no registered religious affiliation.[36]
The mayor and theCity Council are elected for a period of six years. Both elections take place at the same time. The City Council is composed of 51 members and includes the mayor, two deputy mayors, five counsellors and the other council members.
Regensburg is subdivided into 18boroughs (Stadtbezirke): Innenstadt, Stadtamhof, Steinweg-Pfaffenstein, Sallern-Gallingkofen, Konradsiedlung-Wutzlhofen, Brandlberg-Keilberg, Reinhausen, Weichs, Schwabelweis, Ostenviertel, Kasernenviertel, Galgenberg, Kumpfmühl-Ziegetsdorf-Neuprüll, Großprüfening-Dechbetten-Königswiesen, Westenviertel, Ober- und Niederwinzer-Kager, Oberisling-Graß, Burgweinting-Harting. Each borough contains a number of localities (Ortsteile), which can have historic roots in older municipalities that became urbanized and incorporated into the city.
BMW operates an automobile production plant in Regensburg; the Regensburg BMW plant produces3 Series,1 Series and (previously) Z4 vehicles.Continental AG, with the headquarters of its car component business,Osram Opto-Semiconductors,SGB-SMIT Group transformers and Siemens as well asInfineon, the former Siemens semiconductor branch, provide a high level ofinnovation and technical development in Regensburg. Other well known international companies, such asAREVA, Schneider Electric and Toshiba, have built plants in or near Regensburg.GE Aviation founded a greenfield site to innovate, develop and produce turbine machinery components with a new manufacturing casting technology.Amazon.com located its first German customer service centre in Regensburg. The hidden championsMaschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) andKrones are both headquartered in or close to Regensburg and are among the major employers.
Aside from the industrial sector,tourism contributes a lot to Regensburg's economical growth, especially since 2006, when the city gained status asUNESCO World Heritage Site. TheUniversity of Regensburg, theRegensburg University of Applied Sciences and mercantile trade also play major roles in Regensburg's economy. Increasingly,biotech companies were founded in Regensburg over the last two decades and have their headquarters and laboratories in the city's "BioPark". Another focus is oninformation technology, with the city running a start-up centre for IT firms. One of these former start-ups,CipSoft, now is a known video game company still based in Regensburg.
OTTI, the Eastern Bavaria Technology Transfer-Institut e.V., is headquartered in Regensburg.[39]
The city recorded 912,238 overnight hotel stays and 531,943 hotel guests in 2012.[40] Tourism figures have nearly doubled within the last 15 years and Regensburg has become one of the most-visited German cities from 100,000 to 500,000 residents. In 2014, Regensburg was ranked as a Top-30 travel attraction in Germany by international tourists.[6]
Regensburg's energy is mainly supplied by the German companyE.ON, one of the world's largestelectric utility service providers. Its subsidiary Bayernwerk runs the localhydropower station in the Danube. In 2012, about 9.1% of the totalelectricity consumption was generated byrenewable energy sources, about 5.1% of the total heat consumption were generated by renewables.[42] Both figures show, that Regensburg is behind other Bavarian cities in this context. Therefore, the municipal government presented an energy plan in 2014, which should enhance the transformation towards renewable energy sources over the next decade.
Regensburg has one of the most modernuniversity hospitals in Europe, theUniversitätsklinikum Regensburg. In addition there are several other well-known hospitals such as theKrankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder and theSt. Josef-Krankenhaus. Psychiatric illnesses are treated in theBezirksklinikum. With 19.4hospital beds per 1000 residents, Regensburg has the fourth-highest ratio of beds to residents in Germany[43] as well as the third-highest ratio ofmedical doctors to residents in Germany (339 per 100,000 residents).[44]
Regensburg is known for its higher education institutions, the largest being theUniversity of Regensburg. Founded in 1962, it is one of Germany's newest universities and ranked among the Top 400 universities worldwide. Among the prominent intellectuals associated with the university arePope Benedict XVI,Udo Steiner andWolfgang Wiegard. The campus is situated in a single location together with theRegensburg University of Applied Sciences.
In addition to the research centres and institutes of the universities, there are severalresearch institutions situated in the city of Regensburg. Among them are the Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), the Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology (RCI), the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM) and the BioPark, the Bavarianbiotech cluster.
There are eighteenelementary schools in Regensburg. The city also has severalsecondary education institutions, both public and private, representing all levels of the German school system. There are eightGymnasien, fiveRealschulen, sixHauptschulen and fourvocational schools (Berufsschulen). In addition, there are several folk high schools with different specialisations.
TheSIS Swiss International School provides international educational.[45] Founded in 2002, theSportinternat Regensburg was Europe's first baseball boarding school.[46]
SSV Jahn Regensburg is thelocal football club and attracts a fairly large local following. The team was part of a larger sports club founded in 1889 asTurnerbund Jahn Regensburg which took its name fromFriedrich Ludwig Jahn, whose ideas of gymnastics greatly influenced German sport in the 19th century. The football department was created in 1907. The footballers and swimmers left their parent club in 1924 to formSportbund Jahn Regensburg.
Regensburg Legionäre is thebaseball andsoftball club from Regensburg. The team is also known as Buchbinder Legionäre, following a sponsorship of the Buchbinder company. The club plays in the GermanBundesliga and is one of the most famous and most successful baseball clubs in Germany. Several players now in theMLB formerly played at the club. Its arena, Armin-Wolf-Arena, was built in 1996 and has a capacity of 10,000 spectators, making it to Germany's largestbaseball stadium.
The localathletics club, LG TELIS FINANZ Regensburg, offers a wide range of different competitions and is counted among the most successful clubs in Germany.
Johann Baptist Fuchs (1877–1938), military officer, senior police official and SA general
Anton Vilsmeier (1894–1962), German chemist best known for the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, born in Burgweinting, which is now part of Regensburg, and attended theAltes Gymnasium in Regensburg
Ludwig Bemelmans (1898–1962), Austro-Hungarian born American writer of children's books and internationally renowned gourmet, spent his early life in Regensburg
Ulrich Eberl (born 1962), science and technology journalist
Christian Jagodzinski (born ca.1965), multimillionaire, entrepreneur, and investor; Co-founder ofTelebuch.de which becameAmazon.com's presence in Germany; grew up in Regensburg, lives inMiami
^Regensburg has been known in English asRatisbon, which is still used in traditional and historical contexts. The name is still known in theRomance languages – including FrenchRatisbonne and Italian, Spanish, and PortugueseRatisbona – as a cognate of itsLatin name ofRatisbona, which is in turn derived fromGaulishRadasbona.
^"Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof".UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved3 September 2022.
^The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Vol. III, Part II (page 623), printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, London, 1844
^Herald of Destiny byBerel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1993, page 144.
^Konstantin Moritz Langmaier: Eine Stadt organisiert eine Reichsversammlung. Die Vorbereitungen auf den großen Christentag in Regensburg und die Einzüge von Kardinallegat und Kaiser in die Reichsstadt (1471). Ein Beitrag zur spätmittelalterlichen Kulturgeschichte. In: Verhandlungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz und Regensburg. Band 161, 2021, 33–80.
^Zehetner, Ludwig (1985).Das bairische Dialektbuch(PDF) (1 ed.). München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 211.ISBN3406305628.Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved23 June 2020.
^Prasch, Johann Ludwig."Glossarium Bavaricum".Bayerische StaatsBibliothek digital. Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek. Retrieved23 June 2020.
David L. Sheffler,Schools and Schooling in Late Medieval Germany: Regensburg, 1250–1500 (Leiden, Brill, 2008) (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 33).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ratisbon".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Stone Bridge of Regensburg Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), mainly covering the medieval Stone Bridge but also including surrounding areas, with data from a Christofori und Partner/CyArk research partnership
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