Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
Natural fibers develop or occur in the fiber shape, and include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.[2] They can be classified according to their origin:
Wood fiber, distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Forms include groundwood,lacebark, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleachedkraft or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper andengineered wood products such asfiberboard.
Artificial or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. In fashion, a fiber is a long and thin strand or thread of material that can beknit orwoven into a fabric.[4] Artificial fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.
Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with naturally long-chainpolymer structure and are only modified and partially degraded by chemical processes, in contrast to completely synthetic fibers such asnylon (polyamide) ordacron (polyester), which the chemist synthesizes from low-molecular weight compounds by polymerization (chain-building) reactions. The earliest semi-synthetic fiber is the cellulose regenerated fiber,rayon.[5] Most semi-synthetic fibers are cellulose regenerated fibers.
Cellulose regenerated fibers
Cellulose fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, regenerated from naturalcellulose. The cellulose comes from various sources: rayon from tree wood fiber,bamboo fiber from bamboo, seacell fromseaweed, etc. In the production of these fibers, the cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure form as a viscous mass and formed into fibers by extrusion through spinnerets. Therefore, the manufacturing process leaves few characteristics distinctive of the natural source material in the finished products.
Synthetic come entirely from synthetic materials such aspetrochemicals, unlike those artificial fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein.[6]
Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous fibers, with a general aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter) between 20 and 60, and (ii) long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, the general aspect ratio is between 200 and 500.[7]
Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron.
Carbon fiber
Carbon fibers are often based on oxidized and viapyrolysis carbonized polymers likePAN, but the end product is almost pure carbon.
Silicon carbide fiber
Silicon carbide fibers, where the basic polymers are nothydrocarbons but polymers, where about 50% of the carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms, so-called poly-carbo-silanes. The pyrolysis yields an amorphous silicon carbide, including mostly other elements like oxygen, titanium, or aluminium, but with mechanical properties very similar to those of carbon fibers.
Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with a low number of surface defects;asbestos is a common one.[8]
Polymer fibers
Polymer fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often frompetrochemical sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These fibers are made from:
acrylic polyesters, purepolyester PAN fibers are used to makecarbon fiber by roasting them in a low oxygen environment. Traditional acrylic fiber is used more often as a synthetic replacement for wool. Carbon fibers and PF fibers are noted as two resin-based fibers that are notthermoplastic, most others can be melted.
aromatic polyamids (aramids) such asTwaron,Kevlar andNomex thermally degrade at high temperatures and do not melt. These fibers have strong bonding between polymer chains
polyethylene (PE), eventually with extremely long chains /HMPE (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra).
Elastomers can even be used, e.g.spandex although urethane fibers are starting to replace spandex technology.
Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side by side. Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection forradar chaff. Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals.
Microfibers
Invented in Japan in the early 1980s, microfibers are also known as microdenier fibers. Acrylic, nylon, polyester, lyocell and rayon can be produced as microfibers. In 1986, Hoechst A.G. of Germany produced microfiber in Europe. This fiber made it way into the United States in 1990 by DuPont.[9]
Microfibers intextiles refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0.5 denier).Denier andDtex are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known, you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra-fine fibers (glass or meltblownthermoplastics) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped ortrilobal. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent.
Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Naturalcellulose, such ascotton or bleachedkraft, show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure.[10]
Typical properties of selected fibers
Fibers can be divided into natural and artificial (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in a number of applications.[11] This is because artificial fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering.[12] In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of artificial fibers.
Table 1. Typical Properties of Selected Natural Fibers[13][14]
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^Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001.ISBN0-13-017440-8.
^Cohen, Allen (11 November 2011).J. J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science (10th ed.). Fairchild Books. p. 51.ISBN978-1-60901-380-6.
^Hans-J. Koslowski. "Man-Made Fibers Dictionary". Second edition. Deutscher Fachverlag. 2009ISBN3-86641-163-4
^Shenoy, Aroon (1999).Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers.ISBN978-0-412-83100-3.
^Hollaway, C. (1990).Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction. Great Britain: Bulter and Tanner Ltd. p. 209.ISBN978-0-7277-1521-0.
^Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures". Sixteenth Edition. United States of America: Portland Cement Association. 2018. pp. 237–247.ISBN978-0-89312-277-5.
^Sain, M. (2014). "The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites". In Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini (eds.).Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials. Elsevier Science & Technology.ISBN9781782421221.
^Narayanan, Venkateshwaran (2012). "Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites".Fibers and Polymers.13 (7,907–914):907–914.doi:10.1007/s12221-012-0907-0.
^abK. Murali Mohan, Rao (2007). "Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites".Journal of Materials Science.42 (9,3266–3272):3266–3272.doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0657-8.
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